Hamlet and the Man in the Iron Mask Essay

The Man in the Iron Mask, by Alexandre Dumas, and Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, both follow similar plot lines and relate to each other through their themes. Shakespeare and Dumas both discuss themes of family, justice and judgement, lies and deceit, loyalty and the consequences of revenge. These major themes blend seamlessly in the stories of Shakespeare’s Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask. The themes are consistent throughout the play and the book, ultimately addressing the search for truth and justice in each of the protagonist’s situations. Although a number of similarities exist between the two stories, they approach the subject of loyalty differently. What Shakespeare and Dumas have discussed in their stories demonstrates a similar challenge, the search for the truth behind the lies. Hamlet and Philippe suffer mentally as they consider the consequences of their actions and inaction. As other characters become tied to their reactions, they too pay a price for their involvement. First, in both books there are themes about the consequences of revenge. The main theme is that revenge leads to destruction instead of solving the problem, ultimately escalating the primary problem further. Both forms show justice and judgement in the revenge displayed towards the kings. In the play of Hamlet, the main character is confronted with the ghost of his father who reveals that his death was not an accident but a murder. As Hamlet takes revenge, other people become involved and a cycle of revenge for death takes place. In order to accomplish what he knows as justice, Hamlet uses sound judgement as he takes revenge, both physically and emotionally, on those around him. In the Man in the Iron Mask, the musketeers want to take their own revenge on the king for the lack of food for the starving people in the village and his cruelty in general toward his people. Vengeance in this book turns into a cycle as the three musketeers take revenge on the king; the king later takes revenge onto his people. The son of the recently deceased king is known to us as a young man named Hamlet. The truth of the death of his father becomes known to Hamlet when his father’s ghost appears to him, explaining that he was murdered with poison at the hand of his own brother, Hamlets uncle. This method of death by poisoning foreshadows the death of the main characters later in the play. Prince Hamlet then devotes himself to avenging his father’s death, but delays the physical death of his uncle in order to torture him psychologically. The people involved enter into a deep melancholy and madness as Hamlet lets go of his closest relationships, judging family and friends for their disrespect toward his dead father. Hamlet psychologically tortures his uncle by arranging for a play named â€Å"Mouse Trap. † Hamlet plans it so that it parallels his father’s death, in an effort to witness Claudius’, Hamlet’s uncle’s, reaction. Claudius goes through physiological distress as he begins to wonder if Hamlet knows the truth behind the death of his father. Claudius then runs out of the theatre in order to pray for forgiveness. Hamlet follows and begins to draw his sword as this becomes the ideal moment to enact justice onto his uncle. However, Hamlet takes notice that Claudius killed his father while his father’s sins were unforgiven. King Hamlet had no time to repent due to the fact of his murder and was left to the divine to judge him. Hamlet decided to kill Claudius another time, perhaps when the king is drunk, angry or in the middle of an immoral act. This way, there would be no uncertainty about whether Claudius would go to Hell or not. Hamlet admires his father to the extent that he is determined not only to kill Claudius but also to make him suffer the wrath and judgement, sending him to a similar afterlife in Hell. (Shakespeare pg. 85 Act III, Scene 3). As Hamlet goes to his mother in anger, he is determined to inflict pain on her emotionally, using his own judgement again to enact justice. â€Å"Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty. † (Shakespeare pg. 89. Act III, Scene 4). As the queen cries out for help, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius, Claudius’ adviser, as he thrashes his sword into the curtain in hopes that it is Claudius. This causes Ophelia, Polonius’ daughter, great distress as she quickly becomes psychologically distressed and senseless. â€Å"And will ‘a not come again? And will ‘a not come again? No, no he is dead, Go to thy deathbed, He never will come again. † (Shakespeare pg. 109. Act IV, Scene 5). In this state of mind, she dances to the river and falls in, drowning to her death. Laertes, Ophelia’s brother and Polonius’ son, arrives from his travels. He is enraged and takes revenge for the death in his family. King Claudius takes this opportunity to turn Laertes against Hamlet as he devises a plan with Laertes so that they both can take their revenge on him. Again poison is used for the death. Poison is placed in a cup of water that is offered to Hamlet during a sword fight. Furthermore, Laertes places poison on his sword before the duel. This scheme radically backfires on the King as his new wife, Gertrude, drinks out of the cup, and Laertes and Hamlet get stabbed with the poison. In the end Claudius is forced by Hamlet to drink the poison and all four major characters die to poison. Shakespeare pg. 140 Act X, Scene 2). Fortunately, before his death, Hamlet was finally successful in his revenge as the details surrounding the death of Hamlet’s father become revealed to the crowd of people watching the dual. Therefore, by taking revenge, it leads the avengers to their own destruction as they took justice and judgement into their own hands and accomplished what they had promised. In The Man in the Iron Mask the theme on the consequences of revenge in justice and judgement are similar to that in Hamlet, as it begins a cycle of death. In this novel, justice is whatever King Louis XIV says it is. This explains how the system of government worked in France during the 16th and 17th century. At the beginning of the novel, Paris is starving but King Louis XIV is more interested in economic gain and seducing women. Madame de la Valliere becomes the woman after whom the king is lusting and sends Raoul, her finance to war. As Raoul begins to become depressed from his broken heart, he is sent off to battle. According to the king’s orders, he is sent to the front lines and all men are to abandon him. Raoul inevitably dies in battle. When Athos, Raoul’s father, hears about the death of his son, he becomes enraged at the king. Athos forcefully criticized the King for his behaviour regarding La Valliere and the death of his son. Aramis, Athos and Porthos band together with a plan to replace the king (Alexandre Dumas, chapter 10. pg. 79). This plan involves the replacement of King Louis XIV with his twin brother. The three musketeers free the imprisoned Philippe who has been behind prison doors for six years and placed in an iron mask. In the end, all three musketeers die and Philippe is placed back in prison hidden, forever beneath the mask of iron. Although all of the characters in the novel seek out revenge, their efforts fall short of being truly successful. The Man in the Iron Mask and Hamlet show the consequences of revenge depicted in each of the characters’ struggles to take justice into their own hands. Their revenge ultimately results in a cycle of death. The main difference between the play Hamlet and the novel The Man in the Iron Mask is the theme of loyalty. In the play, loyalty remains consistent as Hamlet is loyal to his father and his vengeance. However, in The Man in the Iron Mask, loyalties are continually being changed as the characters are pitted against each other. The characters in the novel are expected to always be loyal to King Louis XIV; however, this requirement in the king’s subjects conflicts with loyalties between friends, family, and the self-interest of the musketeers. This main theme demonstrates that the search for the revelation of truth comes at the price of either breaking loyalties or staying true to loyalties, and facing death in the process. In Hamlet, there are several different characters that portray loyalty continuously throughout the novel. The main character, Hamlet, shows his loyalty to his father, growing angry at the fact that he was murdered by his uncle. When his father asks Hamlet to take revenge on Claudius, Hamlet becomes enraged and his willingness to take revenge becomes revealed. â€Å"Ghost: Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. Hamlet: Murder? Ghost: Murder most foul, as in the best it is But this most foul strange and unnatural. Hamlet: Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift, As meditation or the thoughts of love, May sweep to my revenge. † (Shakespeare pg. 29 Act I, Scene 5). Hamlet stays loyal to his father’s memory through the whole novel, seeking revenge on Claudius until he is able to kill him, accomplishing this task as he dies alongside Claudius. Loyalty is also shown by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, courtiers and former friends of Hamlet from Wittenberg. They are summoned by the new king, Claudius, to discover the cause of Hamlet’s strange, negative and morbid behaviour. Their loyalty to the king causes them to lose Hamlet’s friendship and respect. As Hamlet discovers this, he arranges their death, making them pay for their betrayal to him with their lives. Loyalty is also shown in Act I, when Horatio, Marcellus and Bernardo reveal to Hamlet what they see of ghost of his father. They also swear to keep silent about the event, which remains kept secret throughout the novel. Again, Horatio shows loyalty to Hamlet as he watches the reaction of the king during the play â€Å"Mouse Trap† performed by the players. He later tells Hamlet about the facial reactions of the king as he watched the performer kill the fake king, revealing his guilt in the murder of Hamlet’s father. However, in The Man in the Iron Mask, loyalties change continuously, most notably demonstrated in the ending of the famous friendship of the three musketeers. The broken loyalties within the kingdom break the trust of all characters through scandals and lies. For xample, the queen gives her loyalty to Philippe but sacrifices Philippe for her political stability. Also, Aramis demonstrates betrayal in his disloyalty to the new prince Philippe. At the beginning of the novel, Aramis praises Philippe through his love, respect and service; however, he leaves Philippe to fend for himself without a backward glance. Aramis chooses his career advancement over his friendships and loyal ties. This is revealed to us by his treatment of Porthos and Philippe, when he suggests Porthos be killed to preserve the secret of Philippe. Another example of disloyalty is when Aramis, one of the main three musketeers shows true and loyal feelings to Philippe, but chooses political stability gain over faithfulness to Philippe. â€Å"A friend’s word is the truth itself. If I think of touching, even with one finger, the son of Anne of Austria, the true King of this realm of France; if I have not the firm intention of prostrating myself before his throne; if, according to my wishes, to-morrow here at Vaux will not be the most glorious day my King ever enjoyed, – may Heaven’s lightning blast me where I stand! Aramis had pronounced these words with his face turned towards the alcove of his bedroom, where d’Artagnan, seated with his back towards the alcove, could not suspect that any one was lying concealed. The earnestness of his words, the studied slowness with which he pronounced them, the solemnity of his oath, gave the Musketeer the most complete satisfaction. (Alexandre Dumas, chapter 14. pg . 104) Later on in the novel it is clear that Aramis no longer feels any real loyalty to Prince Philippe. â€Å"Warn the Prince, and then- do what? Take him with me? Carry this accusing witness about with me everywhere? War, too, would follow,- civil war, implacable in its nature! And without any resource- alas, it is impossible! What will he do without me? Without me he will be utterly destroyed! Yet who knows? let destiny be fulfilled! Condemned he was, let him remain so, then! (Dumas, chapter 21 pg. 231) By the end of the novel, King Louis XIV has obtained absolute power, where his word is law, accepting no disagreement to what he says. Aramis desires to have influence and power alongside of King Louis XIV. Soldier, priest, and diplomat; gallant, greedy, and cunning; Aramis took the good things in this life as steppingstones to rise to bad ones. Generous in mind, if not noble in heart, he never did ill but for the sake of shining a little more brilliantly. † (Alexandre Dumas chapter 6. pg. 34). In order to live and have power, loyalty needed to be kept to the king. Philippe’s friends chose loyalty to Philippe; and they were killed as a result. In the end, after the death of his friends, Aramis retreats to a Spanish estate in his glorious riches. The Queen, however, wants the kingdom to succeed and she sees that the only way to do so is to listen to the people. The people beg for food and help from the king. However, King Louis XIV shows no compassion towards his people and is only interested in personal pleasure. For the sake of the country, Anne of Austria, the Queen and mother of Philippe, chooses to help her son, but as her power begins to decline she sacrifices Philippe for her political stability. In Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask loyalty is portrayed differently. Both stories show that being loyal exacts a high price. The death of all those who are loyal in these stories is an example of the high price that must be paid. In Hamlet, loyalty is continuous throughout the play, but in The Man in the Iron Mask, there is no loyalty when power begins to corrupt the characters. Therefore, all these examples show that the portrayals of the themes of loyalty in Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask are very different. In Hamlet, the truth is found through the loyal bonds of Horatio as he tells the story of the death of the true king. In The Man in the Iron Mask the truth of Philippe is revealed to the kingdom through the courageous acts of the three musketeers.

The Paradox of Morgan le Fay

In Arthurian legend and Celtic myths, Morgan le Fay takes on a wide range of identities and personas – she is sister, sorceress, wise mother, implacable nemesis, and later, grieving goddess – making her one of the most paradoxical and dynamic characters in lore and literature. Charlotte Spivack notes in Popular Arthurian Traditions that Morgana le Fay, beautiful and nurturing, first appears in the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth, as one of â€Å"the nine sisters of the holy isle of Avalon† (18). In some texts, she is sister or half-sister to the King Arthur, and in other literature, it is he with whom she begets a child, Morgan (Joe). She is a benevolent figure in the earlier British romantic verses, and it is her remarkable healing powers that make her so. In The Grail from Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol, Arthurian scholar Roger Looms notes that â€Å"There is no attribute of Morgan's better authenticated than her power of healing† (161). In later literature, her identity starts to change and she is portrayed as â€Å"a malicious master of the black arts† (Spivack 18). Maureen Fries notes, in â€Å"Female Heroes, Heroines and Counter-Heroes: Images of Women in Arthurian Tradition† that her degeneration in the later retellings of the myths stems from society’s changing outlook, as her traits start as noble skills of a goddess, and then morphs into the destructive magic of witches and sorceresses (13). Her powers and her role center towards the destruction of King Arthur, and she comes up with several elaborate ploys to kill him, all of which fail, not for want of clever and diabolic planning, but of fate, as in the case of the assassin she sent, whose horse trips on a hole (Spivack 31). However, she reverts to her nurturing goddess role, again playing the role of healer and protector to King Arthur, whose fate ultimately leads him, in his final moments, to her grieving care in the isle of Avalon (Fries 13). Although portraying a range of roles and intentions, it is the contradictions of Morgan le Fay that make her resonate in the Arthurian legends. Works Cited Fries, Maureen. â€Å"Female Heroes, Heroines and Counter-Heroes: Images of Women in Arthurian Tradition.† Popular Arthurian Traditions. Ed. Sally K. Slocum. Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press, 1992. Joe, Jimmy. â€Å"Morgan Le Fay.† Timeless Myths: Arthurian Women. 24 June 1999. 03 May 2008. ;http://www.timelessmyths.com/arthurian/women.html#Morgan;. Loomis Roger Sherman. The Grail from Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol. New York: Columbia University Library, 1965. Spivack, Charlotte. â€Å"Morgan le Fay: Goddess or Witch?† The Company of Camelot: Arthurian Characters in Romance and Fantasy. Eds. Charlotte Spivack and Roberta Lynne Staples. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Odysseus As An Epic Hero Essay

In the story of the Odyssey, Odysseus was put through many ordeals through which we see his moral and physical characteristics. After evaluating such characteristics we can see that Odysseus is a great epic hero. We can see that not only is he superior to most mortal men, he also shares many of the same desires, therefore fulfilling all the technical requirements of a â€Å"hero†. Odysseus has insight about his own fate and destiny, but lives intertwined with the Olympic Gods. He also shares many of the same desires as the common man, but has more insight and strength to obtain them. Lastly, the story of Odysseus is tragic, and involves both love and death, which then shows his true strength. When Odysseus ventures out on his journey, he is told by Athena that he is destined to be great, and through the whole war he knows that. When the war is finished he continues his journey home to his wife, his mother and his son. On his journey home he is faced with several obstacles put in place by the Gods to prevent his return. The whole time he was detained from retuning to Ithaca he told himself that he was meant to return home; that it was fated to him. When he was trapped on the Island with Calypso, he told her that he was supposed to return home, and that he would do it no matter what stood in his way. Through these acts we can see that he had his own opinions on his destiny, but that he was closely intertwined with the Olympic Gods. Secondly, Odysseus shares many of the same desires as the common man, but he has more insight and strength on how to obtain them. Odysseus wanted more than anything to return home to his family, however, throughout his journey he was constantly held back by the Gods. He was made to observe horrendous things such as visiting Hades, and shortly after he has to witness each of his crewmates be eaten alive. This would have been enough for the common man to give up hope and settle in on Calypso’s island. Odysseus, however, never gave up and always found the strength and the wisdom to carry on. This shows that if put in the same position, Odysseus would succeed over the common man because he is heroic. Lastly, the story of Odysseus is filled with both love and death, which is a main characteristic of a heroic tale. While Odysseus is trying to return home he sees a vision of his dead mother. She explains to him how she took her own life because she could no longer bare waiting for him. On top of this painful information, she discloses that his home; his palace has been taken over by ruthless men who are trying to steal his wife. After learning of this horrible news he continues on his journey even more determined than before. Shortly after this event, he loses his entire crew to monsters that eat each one alive. He still continues on alone. This proves that even through the tragic events that happen in his long journey he manages to stay strong and make it home. Through close evaluation of all events that took place in The Odyssey we can clearly see that Odysseus is in fact a great epic hero. We see that he has insight about his own fate and desires, he shares many of the same desires as the common man, but has greater insight and strength, and lastly he manages to survive through several tragic evens simply for the love of his family. Taking these events into consideration we can deduce that Odysseus is a great epic hero.

What is Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Death - Essay Example The very same also stands to be true for the phenomena of death. It is the very nature of human mind and propensities to theorize and analyze the unknown aspects of existence, by bringing in the beliefs, values and aspirations affiliated to the known into one’s conceptualization of the unknown issues or riddles like death. It is a fact that, barring a few exceptions and rare occasions, nobody wants to die, or in other words nobody wants the life to cease or end. Hence, most of the philosophical and scientific beliefs and theories of death are in a way the manifestation of the human yearning to respect life and the human desire for a continuation of life in an albeit different format, when the human body proceeds to disintegrate in response to natural or accidental factors that go contrary to the sustenance of life. To put it in simple words, in a general context, the human attempts to understand and grasp the truth and nature of death have largely been manifestations of the hu man need to live and the human fear of death, which in no way factually and scientifically explain the unexplainable and unknown reality of death. For instance, take the most ancient of the philosophies pertaining to death, the Hindu belief system, which holds that organic existence happens to be an unceasing cycle of â€Å"birth, death, rebirth, and, then again death (Kastenbaum 38)†. ... For example, the Dayak of Borneo hold that the human soul returns back to earth after death and gets reborn by invading the body of a woman (Kastenbaum 38). Philosophers like Samuel Alexander and Llyod Morgan have even tried to package the human need to go on living into a somewhat scientifically valid theory, at least seemingly, by basing it on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (Kastenbaum 49). Besides the urge to go on living, the other fact that attends the reality of death is the fear of death. At a very basic level, people fear death owing to many reasons, like fearing the eventual separation from one’s loved ones, the pain of an ending of one’s social existence, or the anxiety regarding passing into a form after death, which may be somewhat subhuman or completely elemental (Kastenbaum 61, 55, 49). Varied beliefs and tendencies accompanying the nature of death could to a large extent be explained and interpreted in the light of the quintessential human fear of de ath. Take the shapes and figures that have been considered to represent or resemble death since times immemorial like the sirens of the Greeks or the skeletons in many ancient cultures like Pompeii (Kastenbaum 52). Objectifying death into objects and entities that happened to be intimidating is nothing but a manifestation of the human fear of death. The other concept that extends insight into the human fear of death is the personification of death, which certainly is a bit more sophisticated development. Individuals and cultures personified death into the mould of anxieties and levels of pessimism or optimism that accompanied and attended their understanding or say a lack of understanding of death (Kastenbaum 54). One thing that largely contributes to the pervasive fear of

Analysis of Starbucks in 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Starbucks in 2012 - Essay Example Starbucks has always been determined in establishing a large network of its stores both in America and all around the world. The cooperation leads in selling coffee as a result of selling its products at a premium rate in order maximize their profits. There are several questions about Starbucks that may need answers. Will the glamor of sensualist Starbucks coffee be retained or will more engaging options shake the success of Starbuck’s main coffee products? Will advertisement help Starbucks maintain its position as a world leader coffee chain producer? The most appropriate point to begin from is evaluating the current coffee market; undertaking an analysis to determine the level over which consumers need the designer coffee is important. Starbucks faces stiff competition from its major competitor such as McDonalds, Dunkin Donuts and Caribou coffee. The management has been engaged to ensure that the company maintains its well-known reputation as major coffee chain cooperation. Recently, Starbucks’ competitor McDonald launched its campaign on Mccafe in which its aim is to sell coffee at a relatively low discount as compared to Starbucks. McDonalds enjoys the advantage of an excellent podium from which it can face its competitors as a result of establishing numerous stores that gives it easy access into the markets. Dunkin Donuts as well is not relaxed; Dunkin is seen to use its doughnuts and other menu items on the stage. The customer has the option of choosing between a coffee donut and a mug of coffee. Externally, Starbucks also deals with daily competitive challenges. For instance, in Singapore, The Coffee Bean and Tea leaf is always on the forefront to contain the giant coffee chain store. For Starbucks, manageable development results to embracing business plans and operations to meet the requirements of Starbucks’ stakeholders currently while sustaining, safeguarding and ensuring the availability of natural and human resources that may b e required in the future. Each and every coffee store in Asia eyes Starbucks. The coffee chain has established 1,744 stores in the Asian Pacific with Singapore having a total of 92 stores. Recently, Starbucks announced the establishment of 100 new stores with each in Philippines and Malaysia. Starbucks never waits for its competitors is when to follow the suit. It has been seen to be expanding its markets outside America to increase its profitability. Starbucks recently purchased Teavana Holdings at a cost of $620 million in an effort to expand its markets. Starbucks is faced with some challenges in the event of serving its customers. One major challenge is the price of coffee beans as factor behind the company’s major profit. Starbucks’ profit and coffee price hugely rely on coffee price beans which are a product and stands not to be altered by Starbucks. As a result of hedge money, climatic conditions and other related factors, the cooperation is in a position of not able to approximate the price of its coffee and the cooperation’s profitability. Product pricing is another major setback. Starbucks’ product and services experience makes the company to charge high prices on its coffee. In contrast, McCafe premium coffee is selling at a lower price as compared to Starbucks’ premium coffee and was well assessed. After review, another challenge faced by Starbucks is negative publicity. The public has

Lenins Characteristics of a Proper Revolutionary Movement Essay

Lenins Characteristics of a Proper Revolutionary Movement - Essay Example In order for the revolutionary movement to succeed, the small group of professionals would perform the function of thinking and centralize the secret aspects of the work such as making plans, making leaflets for distribution to the masses, and appointing leaders to manage different institutions or areas. The workers, on the other hand, were to follow the orders of the leaders and engage in mass actions such as demonstrations as the situation would demand. The allocation of authority was to be based on one’s position in the movement. Professionals who were learned had more authority. Members of congresses similarly had greater authority compared to the workers. Generally, authority was located based on one’s position in the movement, level or knowledge or from a democratic vote. Â  Lenin believed that the ultimate goal of the revolution was to develop socialism to the extent of fully realizing communism. Some of the goals of a revolutionary movement included to reach, move and win as many people as possible at all times. Lenin believed that a proper method for performing a revolution was one based on scientific knowledge (econfaculty.gmu.edu, n.d.). In this sense, he thought that in order for a revolution to succeed, the leaders needed to be professionals - people who were well educated or talented in one way or another. According to Lenin, the revolutionary organization had to be based on a revolutionary Marxist program and dedicated to the advancement in the struggle for socialism as noted by Le Blance (2013).

Social Service Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Service Work - Essay Example One type of work that is associated with the field of serving aged people is conducting educational programs for the elders. Such kind of programs helps the elderly people to be interested in motivating themselves and to be up to date with the current trends in the society. Most often, their education is overlooked by the society and no such programs are conducted. These workers help them by conducting programs of knowledge sharing and make them believe they have many more steps to walk in their life. One example program of educating the old people is teaching them about internet. Many of the older generations are unaware of the importance of internet in their day to day life. Teaching them about internet and its usage would help them to get their required information easily and help them spend their time leisurely. Another program that could be used as part of learning is educating the elders about the social networking sites. This would greatly help them to keep in touch with their closed ones and to interact more with the society, right from their home. There are several other opportunities similar to education programs like counseling, health care, law issues etc.

Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Benchmarking - Essay Example The concept and the basic idea of being able to use the process of Imaging is not a very new one. But yet it seems that the thought of using images for billing and other purposes has completely taken over all organizations that exist, including Canon. Being, a company that provides Hi-tech products to make processes easier for other organizations and their departments. Canon makes sure that they use the best technology and the smartest billing system both online, and in person for all its customers around the globe. It is basically aimed at efficient visual storage. Along , with the huge task of being able to recover orders, both purchase and sales. This genre also includes other vital documentations that the organizations need to do while processing bills of their customers at the billing department. These include both the consumers and the corporate clients. Further more the aim of the billing department is the use of the latest technological resources produced by the company itself like The BP-1000 billing machine, Canon Image RUNNER line, Universal Send providing flawless alteration of paper documents into digital files Canon Image WARE Document Manager Etc. Also the use of, Canon's high-powered, magneto-optical-disk technology. Known as the Cano file 250 is able to provide the department a storage and processing capacity of can 6,000 letter-size pages per disk side. It also enables scanning of documents i.e. 40 pages per minute and these too are letter sized ones Canon's aim is at making the process convenient for both the aspects i.e. Consumer billing and corporate Billing. The further aim is also being able to increase the processing speed of bills , the company also wants to aim at lesser paper waste or expense , and last but not the least it tends to facilitate the process of customer convenience both corporate and consumer in relation to the billing of their orders and purchases . The procedure for customer billing entails, their use of an image reading machine which captures the product id's image, runs it through

The senior management of your organization is of the opinion that Essay

The senior management of your organization is of the opinion that there should be social responsibility of managers. What do you understand by this, and how sho - Essay Example These actions threatened the firm, the employees, the community, and global financial concerns. With the proliferation of technology and hypercompetition, the drive to enhance the bottom line has often found firms in legal trouble or in a public relations nightmare. What part does the manager play in social responsibility? It’s managements role to set policies and guidelines for implementing a socially responsible agenda. Directors and managers need to maintain an awareness that the decisions they make affect the community, their health and safety, and the quality of life for people in a wide area. The welfare of the wider community has to be considered in any decision making process. Success is not measured by the immediate profit gained by the shareholders. When we define socially responsible policy, it is a concern for the well being of all the stakeholders and not just the owners. The social responsibilities of the directors and managers are the firms responsibilities towards society as implemented by management. Some of the most direct beneficiaries of a socially responsible policy are the employees of the firm. They are provided with a safe place to work whilst the firms responsible behaviour increases the level of job security. By creating a positive climate to work in, the firm is able to attract better and more dedicated employees. In this scenario, an investment in employee well being is returned through a better workforce. Almost all socially responsible policies and management decisions have a positive return. However, the firm often views these activities as expenses and will not, or can not, calculate their true cost or value. Policies need to be put in place to protect the health and safety of the customers and consumers. Managers that fail to act responsibly must be held accountable for their decisions. According to Davidmann (2002), "Those who wish to maximise profits regardless of

How to Prepare an Introduction Essay Example for Free

How to Prepare an Introduction Essay Leisure time is defined as freedom provided by the cessation of activities especially when time free from works or duties. Leisure activity plays important role in human life as healthy body produces healthy mind. It is good for PMC students to chill out from their busy and stressful routine. PMC students experience leisure activities every day, whether they realize or not it is happening. Even though PMC students have a lot of assignments and revision need to be done, they still have free time to do leisure activities. There are many form of leisure activities provide endless amounts of opportunities for all people. What kind of activity does the student in Penang Matriculation College spent the most during leisure time? See more: how to write an introduction There are two types of activity which involve among students. Some students would prefer for indoor activity while the others choose outdoor activity. Indoor activity is an activity that intended for use in the interior of a building such as reading story books, online and playing games. Outdoor activity is an activity that located to the open air. For instant, sports and gaming. Like any concept, for all its positive aspects, there are some downsides to participating in leisure activities among student. The main purpose of this survey is to find out what is the most likely activity that PMC students prefer to pile up their free time. Besides we want to investigate the effects of the pointer on behalf the activity they do during their leisure time. Our aim is to find out how students spend their leisure time and what kind of activity that they will do during daytime and night. Then the study is carried out to discuss the advantages and disadvantages on how they spend their time. Throughout this research, we can see that student prefer more to involve in outdoor activity such as sports. During evening student spent more on sports activity while at night they prefer to study. Most of 3.0 pointer student study alone rather than study group. Lastly, PMC students wisely fill up their leisure time with healthy activities.

Implementing the Data Protection Act in Childcare

Implementing the Data Protection Act in Childcare Choose and evaluate four of the 8 Data Protection Act principles, providing examples of how these would be implemented in a child care setting. 5.1 DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 Anyone who keeps records whether on computer or on paper must apply with this act. It should be clear to service user for what purpose the data are being kept. Information about a child should also be accessible to parents and shared with them. It is not compulsory just do on their demand. Information should not be kept for longer than necessary, though accident and incident records will be need to be kept in case they are needed for references at some time in future. Records must be stored securely. THE 4 DATA PROTECTION ACT PRINCIPALS AND HOW TO IMPLEMENT IT IN A CHILDCARE PROCESSED FAIRLY AND LAWFULLY It is very important that personal data should be processed fairly. In practice you must legitimate grounds for collection and using the personal data. You must not use the data in way that have unjustified adverse effects on the individual concerned. You must be transparent about how to use the data and privacy notices when they collecting their data. You make sure you do not do anything unlawful with the date. OBTAINED FOR SPECIFIED LAWFUL PURPOSES This data is clearly linked with first data protection. If you obtain personal data for an unlawful purpose then you will be in breach of both first and second data protection. For example to implement this data in you setting you must be clear from the outsets about why you are collecting personal data and what you intend to do with it. You must comply what act says about notifying given to the information commissnor. ADEQUATE, RELEVANT AND NOT EXCESSIVE The data protection does not define these words, clearly though they need to be considered. For examples a debt collection agency is engaged to find a particular debt. Its collects information several of people with similar name. During the inquiry some of these people are discounted. Company should delete most of the data, just keep minimum data. If you need to hold particular information about certain individual only you should collect it just for those individual. The information is likely to be excessive and irrelevant in relevant to other people. ACCURATE AND UP TO DATE The law recognise that it may not be practical to double check the accuracy of every item of personal data you receive. So the act make special provision about the accuracy that information that individual provides about themselves. When you go through this data protection you should take reasonably steps to ensure the accuracyof any personal you obtain, make sure that the any personal data is clear and carefully consider whether it is necessary to update the information. Evaluate the need for accurate, legible and up-to-date record keeping, and identify the consequences of non-compliance. 5.2 ACCURATE LEGIBLE AND UP TO RECORD KEEPING INFORMATION WITH NON COMPLIANCES When you start a business as a child care that it is very important to keep accurate and complete records. Your business record should include; You should have keep record banking information You must need a proof of income You need to keep a proof of expenses that how much you spend on their food and stuff You need to be organised, keep your records up to date and then hold on to them for seven tax years. Good records are important for your business because; They can make filling in your tax returns easier and quicker They can make it quicker for your tax agent or accountant to do your book and save your money. They can give you the information you need to manage your business and help it grow, and make it easier to get a loan. Tax record is a legal requirement to running a business. LEGIBILITY Legibility mean all information should be correct, readable and clearly. So following steps could be helpful for legible record keeping; All written information should be neat clean and use in black ink because it is clearer to read and photocopies. It is more important that handwriting should be legible. If it is not readable someone can misunderstanding. If someone changes to documentation such as medication form, parents permission form, it must be signed and dated. White correction fluid should not be use over the mistake, just crossed with a line. UP TO DATE INFORMATION Always make sure in your childcare setting that you have up to date information of their present address, telephone numbers, emergency contract and doctor’s telephone number or any changes of food requirements. As a childcare provider make sure that implement an effective procedure to meet the individually needs of child when administering medicines. For more progress we have to keep written record of child’s need for medication and ask parents to update regularly. Always keep written record of all medicines and inform to parents when medicines has been given including the time, date and dosage. As a professional it is your responsibility to keep children safe in your setting, so you should regularly update and practice with fire evacuation procedures. You suppose to be record dates and time of every fire drill. Explain the different ways of recording digital and paper records in the child care setting. 5.3 BASIC INFORMATION OF RECORD Before child coming in nursery or school basic information must be filled in. Supervisor should be explained to parents that this information will be treated with confidentially and that will be stored safely. The record will be reviewed regularly and kept up to date with parents’ help. Supervisor collects all information from parents. DIFFERENT WAYS OF RECORDING – It is very important to make sure that there is enough reliable methods of backing up the data are employed so that if the computer malfunction or becomes damaged the files can be easly be returned on another system. There are so many ways to keep record by digital and paper record; DIGITAL DATA It is important that Data should be reliably, adequately accurately recorded on computer. Always make sure that all information of recording has been saved which could be about their behavior, development areas or any learning areas. As a childcare provider you should not allow to discuss personal information with other staff member or observation by staff on any confidentially matters, child protection matters, development concerns or any behavior concerns. And also keep up to date information on behavior issues. This type of information supposes to be record on laptop, on hard disk-computer, or Ipad and keep up to date regularly with parents. These digital data should be stored safely secured on the hardware device and a central server. It should be protect by the secret password. Children should not allow using same computer or desktop which have a confidential files. The education facility must also ensure that, as well as sufficient password protection on all devices containing personal information, that the central server repository is also sufficiently secured. Strict IT policies must be in place on devices containing personal information, to ensure that they are adequately protected when the device leaves the confines of the childcare setting. PAPER RECORDING –Data protection policies apply equally as they do to data on ICT or on paper records. Paper records can have less strict safeguards, especially if not kept securely locked. Therefore, It is very important that all files should be locked in a safe environment with limited access to authorized people only and out of the reach of children. Paper files should be clearly written (especially if handwritten), readable and disposed of in the correct manner (a document management process should be in place). When paper files are transferred to another department, they should be recorded so there is traceability of their movements. Identify the primary types of data storage for digital and paper records, and evaluate the best option for a home childcare setting. 5.4 PRIMARY TYPES OF DATA STORAGES There are two type of data; primary and secondary data. Primary type of data means that memory which can be stored for short time.RAM and CACHE are best examples of primary data storages. RAM(random access memory) and cache works together because RAM have no enough place for more storages but it can be fast access rate of random memory. CACHE is part of random access memory. It can be use to speeding up. So that’s why it is high and faster than reading or writing from main memory. Most of the PCU have three type of cache like- instruction cache, data cache and translation look side buffer. PRIMARY DATA STORAGES FOR DIGITAL – It means memory which can be record on computer. CPU is the main part of computer to store information.CPU regularly reads instruction which is keep record there and it produce where it need. Today’s modern random access memory is popular .It is small size but expensive. It is also known as a volatile. There are two more kind of primary data: processor register and processor cache. Processor register holds word of data and more much faster. Processor cache is slower but greater storages capability then processor registers. PRIMARY DATA STORAGES FOR PAPER RECORD -It is very important that you look after your record in your child care setting because it is part of daily routine by the law. The primary data should be recorded for three years As childcarer you ensure that how long to keep it and what should you do when you no need it. You should work with record management and department of file plan. As a childcarer you have to make decision that can access the records because each department of records need confidentially and securely information. As a childcare you should provide guidance to that department who is packing, preparing of record and ensure that records management is handling of all materials properly. Rate the best option Paper record is the best option for the home childcare setting because it is more valuable and secure then digital. When you are going to start your own business as a childcare setting you have to make plan ahead. Ensure that there is enough file rooms. All files should be maintained properly in the office or secure place. when you keep paper record you have to record everything for example: in emergency or any accident happened you have record all details in the accident book and make it for parents to sign, provide a copy for parents. Second thing paper record is more real then digital. Even digital is faster, more easily but still paper record is more secure. Proper records management requires you to know which copy is your ‘‘copy of record’’. Once a copy of record has been established, the other copy can be destroyed safely. So ensure that the information how long to keep it in your record. In this UNIT I did try to explain about data protection act 1998, how to implement it into childcare setting, record keeping information, deferent ways of recording, primary types of data storages and evaluate of paper records. References www.dataprotection.ie www.en.wikipedia.org. www.ehow.com. www.computerhope.vom www.buzzle.com www.dartmouth.com www.ico.org.uk www.irdgovt,cznz

Difference between ETAR and CCC in Calculation of Dose

Difference between ETAR and CCC in Calculation of Dose Abstract Aims: According to the limitations of TPSs dose calculation algorithms, it is important to verify their calculations and to find the amount of differences of their results with actual delivered dose in the patient body for all of radiation situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to choose for use in routine radiation treatment planning. Materials and Methods: After validation of simulated Linacs head in water phantom as a homogeneous medium, the modeled head verified in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary gland area irradiation. In the second part, ETAR and CCC algorithms were compared for 2 lateral parallel opposed and one oblique (45 degree) fields (3Ãâ€"3 cm2) irradiations at 18 MV using 30 º physical wedge. Results: Our results showed that there are significant difference between ETAR and CCC in calculation of delivered dose in pituitary irradiation. Also, none of the algorithms can predict actual dose in air cavity areas, except Monte Carlo method. Conclusions: As differences between algorithms may have effects on quality of treatment, it is important to evaluate algorithms to choose the best one for use in clinical situations. MC method is a great evaluation tool for comparison of clinical dose calculation algorithms. Keywords: Treatment planning system, Dose calculation algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation, ETAR, CCC Introduction The main objective of radiation therapy is to deliver the maximum possible dose to the target tumor with minimum dose to the normal surrounding tissues [1]. To achieve this, a good understanding of the dose distribution in irradiated tissue and most importantly, experimental verification of this distribution is needed. During the actual radiation treatment planning in clinics, dose distribution calculated by treatment planning systems (TPS). Any deviation in these calculated distribution would lead to difference in patients delivered dose and would have an important effect on quality and effectiveness of the radiotherapy treatment. Most of dose calculation algorithms in TPSs are inaccurate in radiation disequilibrium conditions such as near tissue inhomogeneity like near air cavities and bone-soft tissue interfaces for small and complex radiation fields [2-5]. Therefore, it is important to validate this dose calculations. Common validation is performed by comparisons with measured data which their reliability depends on measurement situations and instruments and several other aspects. So, there are some limitations in this kind of validation such as the fact that it is impossible to verify the dose calculations in some parts of patients body for example in brain irradiation. Currently, it is well known that the Monte Carlo (MC) is the most accurate method for dose calculation [6-10] and with the advancement of computer technology, dose calculation algorithms based on the MC method have the potential to be used to calculate the delivered dose in radiotherapy clinics. But, due to the time consuming process of the full MC calculations and some of the limitations in speed of computers in clinics [11], it is still impossible to use full MC in routine clinical calculations. However, it is most powerful technic to verification of TPSs dose calculations [12-14]. According to mentioned limitation of TPSs dose calculation algorithms, it is important to verify their calculations. There are several studies on MC validation of common dose calculation algorithms in homogeneous medium and simple and also complex radiation fields [15-22], but because of the several complex situations in clinical irradiations, it is important to find the amount of differences of dose calculation algorithms results with actual delivered dose in the patient body for all of these situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to choose for use in radiation treatment planning process. In this article, we compared two dose calculation algorithms of CorePLAN TPS for computed tomography (CT) images of a patient with pituitary adenoma. The algorithms were equivalent tissue-air ratio (ETAR) and collapsed cone convolution (CCC) which are routinely used in radiation treatment planning. The project divided in to two parts: validation of MC model in homogeneous and heterogeneous medium, and comparison of ETAR and CCC algorithms with MC as a gold standard. After validation of simulated head of the medical linear accelerator (Linac) in water phantom as a homogeneous medium, the modeled head verified in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary gland area irradiation. In the second part, ETAR and CCC algorithms were compared to MC simulation for planned pituitary radiation same as one in Rando phantom. Materials and Methods Monte Carlo Simulations The EGSnrc [23] user code BEAMnrc [24] was used to model an 18 MV beam from a Varian 2100C/D (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The Linac was modelled with different component modules (CM). Table-1 shows these components and their materials. The schematic geometry showing the CMs are shown in figure-1. The 3D image created by EGS_WINDOWS [25] program. In this study, ISOURC==19 was used for modelling the incident electron beam. This source is a circular beam with 2-D Gaussian distribution of particles. ECUT and PCUT parameters which used to define the global electron and photon cutoff energy, were set to 0.7 MeV and 0.01 MeV. Also, Electron Range Rejection with ESAVE value of 0.7 MeV in the target and ESAVE-GLOBAL=2 MeV and Directional Bremsstrahlung Splitting with NBRSL=750 were used to minimize the simulation time. Phase Space data were created for open 10 Ãâ€"10 cm2 photon beam and the percent depth dose (PDD) and profiles of measured and simulated data were used for verification of the beam energy and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the incident electron beam in 30 Ãâ€" 30 Ãâ€" 30 cm3 water phantom using DOSXYZnrc code [26]. To drive best estimates for the energy and FWHM of the incident electron beam, the method which introduced by Sheikh-Bagheri and Rogers [27] were used. For comparison between calculations and measurements, all curves were normalized to the center of the field for dose profiles and the depth of dose maximum for the PDD curves. This procedure is suggested by Pemler et al. [28] for MC calculated dose distributions of single electron fields. Differences between the calculated and measured curves for dose profiles, were compared in terms of dose difference (DD) in the low dose gradient areas, and distance to agreement (DTA) in millimeter (mm), in the high dose gradient. For both of Rando phantom and patient studies, CT images of phantom and the patient were used by CTcreate program to make *.egsphant file for irradiation by ISOURC=8 in DOSXYZnrc code. Radiation Treatment Planning The study was done for Rando phantom and one clinical case CT images originally calculated with equivalent tissue-air ratio algorithm (ETAR) by CorePLAN treatment planning system for pituitary gland radiotherapy. Two other dose algorithms were used: collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and Monte Carlo program, BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes. The dose calculation algorithms were compared for 2 lateral parallel opposed and one oblique (45 degree) fields (3Ãâ€"3 cm2) irradiations at 18 MV using 30 º physical wedges. Figure 2 shows designed radiation plan for Rando phantom and patient CT images. Dose Distributions In Monte Carlo simulation, dose distributions were calculated with DOSXYZnrc that were used as a benchmark and in Rando phantom study, radiographic (Kodak EDR2) and radiochromic (Gafchromic EBT2) films used to obtain planar dose distributions. All films scanned with Microtek 9800XL scanner. Gafchromic EBT2 films scanned 24 h after irradiation [29]. As the pituitary gland is placed in level 3 in Rando phantom (see figure 3), dose calculations and measurements were compared for the delivered dose in surfaces between layers (2,3), (3,4) and (4,5), in terms of 2D isodose curves. All measurements were repeated three times. Results Validation of Monte Carlo For validation of Monte Carlo simulation, results were compared with measurements in water phantom and 18.2 MeV and 1.5 mm for energy and FWHM of the incident electron beam shows the best match with measurements. Figure 4 shows PDD and dose profile for mentioned energy and FWHM. For PDD curve, dose difference was below 1% and for dose profile, DD and DTA were 0.97%  ± 0.65 and 1.71 mm  ± 1.08 for open field and 1.23%  ± 1.09 and 1.79mm  ± 0.96 for wedged field. Evaluation of Monte Carlo simulation in Rando phantom Simulated Linac were evaluated by comparison with EBT2 and EDR2 film dosimetry in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary radiation treatment dose calculations. This part of the study performed to make sure that simulated Linac have an acceptable performance in a heterogeneous medium similar to the patient body, where measurement of the delivered dose is impossible. Totally, differences between Monte Carlo and film measurements were 4.93%  ±0.87 for all of the layers. These differences were 4.62%  ± 1.37 for EBT2 films and 5.03%  ± 0.49 for EDR2 film dosimetry. Also, there were 1.2% difference between EBT2 and EDR2 results. Patient study results The final purpose of this study was evaluation of ETAR and CCC dose calculation algorithms in almost small size complex radiation wedged fields. To achieve this, Monte Carlo simulation used as a gold standard to compare these algorithms. Figure 5 shows results of the radiation treatment planning using Monte Carlo method, ETAR and CCC dose calculation algorithms. The differences between Monte Carlo and dose calculation algorithms were 6.40%  ± 3.44 (range: 3.8% to 10.3% ) for CCC and 10.36%  ± 4.37 (range: 5.5% to 13.9% ) for ETAR. Discussion Dose calculation algorithms in treatment planning systems have an important role in radiation oncology departments. Any inaccuracy in predicting dose distribution in patients body will change the quality of the treatment. So, it is important to find the suitable algorithm for dose calculations in radiation therapy process. New algorithms which commonly used in TPSs, beside of their improvements in calculation, may have appreciable inaccuracies in some clinical situations such as small fields, electron disequilibrium and interfaces between different densities [7]. In this study, the differences between CCC and ETAR algorithms were compared to MC simulation results which considered as a gold standard. The study was done for a patient case with pituitary adenoma. To achieve this, the project divided in to two parts. The first step was validation of modelled Linac head in water and Rando phantom as homogeneous and heterogeneous medium. Results of simulated head in water phantom showed that the best match between simulated results and measurement data will appear when energy and FWHM of incident electron beam was set to 18.2 MeV and 1.5 mm, respectively. These amounts were in the range of their resulted amounts in previous MC studies [27, 30-32]. There are several recommendations for evaluate the accuracy of dose calculations in various areas with high or low dose gradient[33-38]. Our results for open and wedged fields in water phantom were in agreement with recommended amounts by Venselaar et al.[33] for dose profiles and also differences between measured and simulated results were under 2 percent recommended in previous studies for PDD curves[12, 27, 33, 39]. Evaluations in Rando phantom study showed 4.93%  ±0.87 for all of the EBT2 and EDR2 layers in comparison with MC simulation. This difference was little than 7% discrepancy reported by Brualla et al.[40] and was more than Dobler et al.[16] results which reported 3% difference between MC and film dosimetry in heterogeneous medium. There would be two reasons for this difference. The first one is the gaps between Rando phantom layers which made by placing the film between them. These gaps are larger for EDR2 films because of the thickness of their cover. While, in MC simulation these distances would not considered in calculations. The second one is the fact that in high density tissues such as bone, as the number of the scattered secondary electrons increases, delivered dose will decrease and this will considered in MC calculations. Because this method considers all of the interactions occur in that tissue and calculates the delivered dose in it. But in film dosimetry, film density is equal to the soft tissue density and bone scatter electrons will cause an increment in delivered dose in the film and this may lead to a disagreement between MC and film dosimetry. Film dosimetry have uncertainties pertinent to several factors such as nonuniform thickness of the sensitive layer, temperature effects, scanner uncertainty and its warm up effect[41-43]. There was 1.2% difference between EBT2 and EDR2 films. EDR2 films are light sensitive and were cut in a dark room; However, this low light may have effects on measurements. Also, EDR2 film processing have remarkable effects on the results while there is no need to process the EBT2 films. Final results showed about 6.4% difference for CCC algorithm and about 10.3% for ETAR algorithm in comparison to MC simulation. Chow et al.[44] evaluated the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and CCC in heterogeneous phantom for tangential photon beam. They showed that the mean dose differences between MC and CCC was about 4.6% for 15 MV photon beam with 7Ãâ€"7 cm2 field size. Polednik et al. [17] in comparison between pencil beam (PB) and collapsed cone (CC) algorithms in an anthropomorphic phantom, reported that there is about 6% difference between CC algorithm calculations and measurements. Our results are close to their findings and also Calvo et al. [19] results which reported about 5.6% differences for CCC in comparison with MC. Figure 5 shows that none of the algorithms could predict the actual dose in air cavity except MC. This difference is larger for ETAR. This is due to this fact that ETAR algorithm uses the ratio of two tissue-air ratio (TAR) for inhomogeneity correction and in definition, TAR is ratio of absorbed dose in a given depth in absorbent material to the same depth in a small air region in electron equilibrium situation. Therefore, this algorithm assumes that there is electron equilibrium in all points. So, in bone-air interfaces which there in no electron equilibrium, ETAR will have fault in dose calculations [45]. Also, ETAR only considers primary and scattered photons and doesnt consider the secondary electrons. Hence, it cant evaluate the electron disequilibrium [12, 46-50]. While, CCC models electron transport and will predict the effects of electron disequilibrium in heterogeneous interfaces [51]. Our results showed that CCC algorithm as a model based dose calculation algorithm, have a better agreement with MC simulation and the results of this study confirms the previous studies [15, 52-56]. In conclusion, as differences between algorithms may have effects on quality of treatment, it is important to evaluate algorithms to choose the best one for use in clinical situations. MC method is a great evaluation tool for comparison of clinical dose calculation algorithms. Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by grant no. 90-04-30-15948 to S. R. Mahdavi from the deputy of research of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The data presented here are provided from the K. Tanhas MSc thesis. The authors would like to thank Dr. M. Sohrabpour from Sharif university of technology for his support on this study and physics staff of radiotherapy department of Pars Hospital at Tehran, Iran for their assistance.

Medicine, Drugs, and the Internet Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Drugs and Cyberspace Since the beginning of time, humans have been searching for the ultimate answer. Throughout many cultures, plants as well as manufactured substances are used both for healing and to broaden perceptions and challenge reality. Drugs are a part of the incessant evolution of the human species towards a higher and greater intelligence, empathy and awareness or consciousness (Rushkoff, 34). Gurus and shaman have eternally incorporated plant chemicals into methods for enlightenment. For America, the early 1950's marked the emergence in popularity of psychedelic drugs as a tool for mind expansion (Kuhn, 163). Timothy Leary, an icon of 60's drug subculture, as well as cybernetic psychology explains, "the psychedelic drug movement of the 60's and the personal computer movement of the 80's are inner and outer reflections of each other." Leary also argues that only if you understand something about computers, can you begin to understand psychedelic drugs (Sheff, 120). Psychedelics deconstruct one's basic assumptions about life, presenting choices that are arbitrary to the individual and the given society. In The Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley reflects on the capabilities of chemicals on the human mind: "Administered in suitable doses, peyote changes the quality of consciousness more profoundly and yet is less toxic than any other substances in the pharmacologist's repetory" (Huxley, 9). Douglas Rushkoff, one in the same as Leary, has written several books on the topic of psychedelics and cyberspace. He believes "with the help of a psychedelic journey, one can come back [from tripping] and consciously choose a different reality from one that's been agreed upon... ...rception. New York: Harper & Row, 1954. Kimm, Todd. "Can a Man Fly on the Internet?" icon. Vol. 16, Oct. 15, 1998, www.iconquest.com Kuhn, Cynthia; Scott Swartzwelder; Wilkie Wilson. Buzzed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998. Leary, Timothy. High Priest. New York: College Notes &Texts, Inc., 1968. Leinhard, John H. "A Concern About Reality." No. 88. Nov. 1998. http://www.uh.edu/engines. McKenna, Terence. Archaic Revivals. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991. Neumann, Peter G. "Are Computers Addictive?" Communications of the ACM Vol. 40. No. 3 (March 1998): p. 128. Rushkoff, Douglas. Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994. Sheff, David. "From Psychedelics to Cybernetics." Publish. Feb 1992: p.120 Taylor, Eugene. "Psychedelics: The Second Coming." Psychology Today. Jul 1996: pp.56-59+

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study Essay

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study The early history of Cape Town shares little with the experience of the rest of Africa. The patterns of colonization and the relationship between black Africans and nationalized Europeans are unique to the area. The timing and speed of settlement were possible only because of the local disease environment. The system of racial interaction, a system of Aparthide unique to the area, acted differently than other systems because of farming patterns dictated by the fertility of the land. The above are instances of the apparent adaptation of South African cultural development to its climate environment. They show the history and culture of the area are inseparable aspects of the climate in which they formed. Once the Portuguese had made the trip around the horn of Africa and had started to trade with the Indian Ocean world it was clear that a port capable of re-supplying and repairing the trading ships was necessary. Towns sprang to life up and down the West African coast, their numbers increasing as other European powers began to claim their share of the trade with India. In most of these towns, European mortality was horrendous. Even England, notorious for colonizing with Criminals, did not send its prisoners to the West African coast for long. Malaria and other African diseases killed them as effectively as a hangman’s noose. But there was one glaring anomaly: Cape Town. Here, Europeans could survive. The reason had everything to do with Climate. One of the biggest causes of European mortality was Malaria. A parasitic disease carried by mosquitoes, Malaria has a high mortality rate among first exposure victims. Even today, it is the fourth most common cause for c... ..., settlements remained small and ineffectual. The African natives were able to maintain their own lifestyles, and the Europeans were prevented from expanding. This was not the case in South Africa, where insufficient rainfall forced the population to spread out and interact with the natives to such an extent as to alter their language. The divisions this interaction created were not easily thrown aside, and have persisted to modern times. Without the knowledge of the climate of the area, there would be no explanation for the unique nature of South African culture. Climate dictated the development of this culture. Works Cited: 1 http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm 2 http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_epi/distribution.htm 3 http://cybercapetown.com/CapeTown/climate.php 4 http://www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=68816&Units=both

Focus Journal # 20, Sharon Olds, the Promise, 591

Focus Journal # 20, Sharon Olds, The promise, 591 May 2, 2012 I. Understanding: In this poem Sharon Olds wishes the reader to believe that when terminally ill a man should have say in whether he continues to suffer in pain while useless, or to keep living. II. Analyzing: In this poem Olds does a great job painting a visual picture in the readers mind. â€Å"We are also in our/bed, fitted naked closely/ along each other? half passed out/ after love, drifting back and/ forth across the border of consciousness, our/ bodies buoyant, clasped. These lines allow the reader to see how much the couple love each other, and the enjoyment they have together. The imagery in these lines is so amazingly written and described. The wife acknowledges the husbands fear that she will not kill him if he terminally ill. The narrator uses pathos while assuring her husband â€Å"I tell you you don’t/ know me if you think I will not/ kill you. † The impact of this line also shows just how much she loves her husband.The fact that the couple is â€Å"renewing our promise/ to kill each other† allows the reader to also feel great emotion towards the couple. The feeling of love and compassion is so great during this poem. III. Evaluating and Synthesizing: This poem had a very powerful emotional effect on me. I thought Olds did a beautiful job writing this poem. The argument Olds is arguing is so controversial and I respect her so much for writing this piece of literature. I honestly don’t know if I would ask my husband to kill me if I was terminally ill. That seems like a tough topic to think about.

Group Roles Essay

We take on many roles throughout the day and while most of these tie into our social status, personal duties, expectations and our behaviors they are only one of the few roles we learn about in time. Social roles are used to predict the way an individual acts in a situation and there is a belief that they are the result of a situation. When working in groups, roles exists that are not related to our personality or a result of our behavior. A superior can give them to us or unknowingly we may adopt them. This we have all been doing since youth but most of the time we are so absorbed into the roles we have taken on that we rarely take time to think about them. They have become as automatic as breathing to majority of the workforce. Roles are not to be confused with personality. Dr. Meredith Belbin a researcher and management theorist regards them as clusters of characteristics, of which psychological preference is but one dimension.[1] By understanding theses definitions we can gain a knowledge, that when combined with certain practice exercises, will enable us to see roles working can drastically increase a team’s effectiveness and overall well-being. When developing an understanding of these roles, it is important to keep in mind that your role can change from task to task. In addition, one individual can have traits belonging to several roles just as much as several individuals can share certain roles that. A manager’s responsibility will be the task of making sure that the team is not heavy in more areas then others. GROUP ROLES INCLUDING DEFINITIONS Leader or Facilitator: An individual who enables groups and organizations to work more effectively; to collaborate and achieve synergy.[1] has excellent interpersonal skills, being able to communicate effectively with team members through good listening, verbal and non-verbal communication. This person does not need to have to be an expert but have knowledge of the tasks concept. Shaper: Initiator Energizer The Shaper is a dynamic, outgoing member of the team; they are often argumentative, provocative, they push the group towards agreement and decision-making, keen to remove barriers and embrace challenges.[1] Completer-Finisher Recorder They are never at ease until they have have checked every detail and made sure that everything has been done and nothing overlooked. It is not that they are overly or irritatingly fussy: their obsession is an expression of anxiety. They have a great capacity for follow-through and attention to detail. They are unlikely to start anything that they cannot finish. They are not assertive members of the team, but they maintain a permanent sense of urgency, which they communicate to others to galvanize them into activity [2] Resource Investigator: The Resource Investigator is a strong communicator, good at negotiating with people outside the team and gathering external information and resources. Resource Investigators are curious and sociable in their nature they are open to new ideas and ways of accomplishing tasks. [2] Plant: The Plant is innovative and will suggest new and creative ways of problem solving within the team.. Sometimes the ideas of the Plant may be impracticable due to their highly creative nature – they may ignore known constraints when developing their ideas. Plants are often introverts who may have poor communication skills; they are loners and enjoy working away from the rest of the group. [1] Monitor Evaluator Elaborator Monitor Evaluators are fair and logical observers and judges of what is going on in the team. Since they are good at detaching themselves from bias, they are often the ones to see all available options with the greatest clarity and impartiality. They take a broad view when problem solving, and by moving slowly and analytically, will usually come to the right decision. However, they can become very critical, damping enthusiasm for anything without logical grounds, and they have a hard time inspiring themselves or others to be passionate about their work. As mentioned earlier, there are many definitions and several methods, which have caused some confusion to say the least. Some Information that warrants further discussion regards the sharing of roles as well as multiple roles in a group. I was unable to find any mention of a role that would compromise a group if more and then one person took its position. One thing I did learn that was interesting is an importance in having multiple leaders/facilitators They do not have to posses all the traits of a great or good leader but help in â€Å"moving the company forward† This is a little vague but I still find it interesting and makes sense if you look our Government processes. I am looking at the roles and with understanding of them now I have not found any papers discussing groups missing some of these roles I would imagine there are definitely times that pieces are missing and they would result in negative team traits. Its proven that one person can manage many roles that doesn’t mean that just because one is short that anyone can absorb the responsibility. I find that even though I logically want o put the roles in an order I know look best or we sound I know it’s impossible because when I look at the characteristics of the roles they all have very defined strengths and in some areas it’s absolutely impossible to be strong at more than one thing. I could at least start with the leader but if there’s no completer or evaluator then the task won’t ever leave the leaders hands. Roles that I have participated in are all of the above generally leaning towards leadership if I have knowledge of the task, enough to ask questions and give answers. When I am not interested in the outcome or the object of the task I will usually take on the roles of monitor and the plant stands out to me as well. One that I know I am not interested in ever being in would be the â€Å"Finisher† That is a no brainer for me because without some pushing I will usually not finish the task and be ok with it. 99% of the time I am the leader and it’s usually by choice because nobody steps up or I am volunteered for it and sometimes that’s fun but I don’t always enjoy it, mainly because it becomes expected of me and it has to always be something big and consuming. At work, I am outspoken, enthusiastic, and very driven, when I am home, I tend to take on the roles of plant, monitor, and shaper. There is no problem staying far away from the role of a leader after work. I will and have taken on leadership roles usually when there is more confusion then I can handle. I am finding it  interesting that I choose the roles at home that are somewhat opposite of what I venture into at work. Discussing types of roles, filling roles and understanding the use of roles brings us to situation of underlying issues that can cause conflict. There are several models for roles in groups. These models have differences in definitions, role titles, and amount of roles. There are many arguments on the amount of roles needed to make an effective team; one thing that I have noticed to be universal is the amount of people needed to make an effective team. Managing a logistics company, I learned this fact first hand. We had an open floor for sales and operations, and then we separated the group into two departments, sales being one, carrier management the other; then again, we separated them into teams again for our regions. Together we all worked as a whole and communicated information back and forth all day. Sometimes it was like an amazing tennis match and sometimes it was like the other side just never got there . We were having many issues with one of our sub groups performing to task and another sub group would clean things up if they could. We analyzed the groups and kept asking what made the others work but not this one†¦ the carrier team had five sections with four desks in each section since it fit better that way. All the desks were full except one group had three people this being the problem group. We had factored that in the beginning though and had only delegated them a fair amount of work. We ended up blaming it on poor communication and lack of drive. The problem did not get any better and then we had another member of a team of four go on leave for six weeks. Two weeks later that team began having issues just like the other team of three and then we noticed the similarity between the two. Three people in a group could not perform the tasks as a whole. To make sure we were right we moved people around and made two new teams of three. We sadly realized that the group of three would fall apart because two people always formed an alliance against one every time. This brings me back to the universal number required for a team to work effectively has been noted to be four. By Dr Belbin from that point forward we never allowed a group to fall below the standard four employees for more than a day period . References Management Teams INTL. (n.d.). Team Roles . Retrieved from Teamopoly: http://www.teamopoly.com/cf.htm Wikepedia Team Role Inventories . (2009). Retrieved from Wikepedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Role_Inventories

Management and Team Environment Written

Why is it essential to evaluate on what your team needs and wants to achieve? Creating a focus around team needs and design goals and asking, as well as answering the hard design questions as a team is an effective way of coalescing a team around one design direction. How is the ground rules for team operations made in your workplace and tasks and responsibilities shared? Ground rules must be clear, consistent, agreed-to, and followed.Where articulated ground rules are missing, natural behavior patterns often emerge spontaneously. * We intend to develop personal relationships to enhance trust and open communication. * We value constructive feedback. We will avoid being defensive and give feedback in a constructive manner. List some of the personal rewards and simulation offered to team members acknowledging their excellent performance. * Basic to advanced job-related computer software training to employees. In-house management and supervisory training to all supervisors/managers acro ss departments, including programs ranging from conflict management to grammar skills.* Employees are exposed to work that is award winning and cutting edge as evidenced by the numerous awards continuously received. Also, new employees have a unique opportunity to work with proven leaders in their respective fields. What are some of the challenges you have faced when you tried to bring innovation in your team? Increased effectiveness and efficiencies; * Delivering fresh thinking and new ideas; * Creating synergies across different functions; * Product and service development. 1. With examples explain how external factors contribute innovation in teams. * Management * Manpower * Machine * material and * political * enviroment * socia-cultural * technological and * Ecological Factors Affecting Management Functions at of Mcdonald’s McDonalds is known worldwide and is now in 122 countries with over 22,500 restaurants throughout.To create the successful business that McDonalds has created, there is an excellent foundation of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. These are the four functions of management. However, there are many factors that affect these four functions. They are affected by internal and external factors. They are also affected by globalization, technology, innovation, diversity and ethics. The McDonalds management teams use delegation to deal with the different factors to control the four functions of management on a daily business to keep McDonalds successfully running.No comments PART 2 Case study Analyse the factors you believe led the problems in the bearing assembly team: One of the greatest challenges a leadership has is in moving his or her team though the various team development stages. If a manager has no, or little experience of teams and team dynamics then taking over a team and then leading that team can be a very stressful experience. Every manager should know what the various growth stages are of a developing team and they should know how best to move the team through these stages with the minimum of fuss and stress.Unfortunately, many managers do not get the necessary training or coaching in this area of team development and as such teams go through a lot of stress and turmoil when perhaps this could be minimised quite considerably. He should have encouraged each team member to do likewise. Ensured that the team had a set of rules and guidelines and that the team had an input into how these rules are formed and agreed. Rodney should have gone over again the agreements made by the team during the forming stage and ensured that the understanding is uniform across the team.The role of Rodney was to ensure that this calm continues and that any behaviours that arised that would have been threaten the calm are channelled in the right direction. Also the leadership has an important role in conveying information particularly in relation to the successes that are starting to occur within the team. He sh ould have been spending a lot of time with individual team members coaching them and supporting them to develop their capabilities that relate to the individual's team role and the tasks that they have to perform in relation to the team goals.What specific steps can Rodney take to help the team through this crisis Rodney, as a leadership should have ensured that the team meets and understands the team goals, the roles they have to take on and the rules by which they have to play. He should have let the team bleed a little and then began the healing process by facilitating their coming together. He should lessen the direction and spent time with individuals starting to coach them in relation to their roles within the team and the tasks that they had to perform.

Effects of Computer Games

Statement of the Problem This statement will seek answer on the following programs: 1. What is the profile of the Criminology students in terms of: a. Age b. Gender c. Year level 2. What are the Effects of Computer Games in terms of: a. Lack of Socialization b. Personality Changes c. Hyperactive Learning Disorders 3. What are the Level of Performance of Criminology Students in terms of: a. Classroom Interaction b. Psychological/Emotional Awareness c. Problem Solving and Written Exams 4.Are there significant relationships between Effects of Computer Games and the Level of Performance of Criminology Students? Theoretical Theory Social Responsibility Theory Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a big responsibility to society at large. This responsibility can be â€Å"negative†, meaning there is exemption from blame or liability, or it can be â€Å"positive†, meaning there is a responsibility to act beneficently.This theory is a good basis of the study because students not only spending excessive time playing computer games but they need to consider also their responsibility as a students and their satisfaction with their co-students living in the real world. Critical Theory Critical Theory has a narrow and a broad meaning in philosophy and in the history of the social sciences. â€Å"Critical Theory† in the narrow sense designates several generations of German philosophers and social theorists in the Western European Marxist tradition known as the Frankfurt School.According to these theorists, a â€Å"critical† theory may be distinguished from a â€Å"traditional† theory according to a specific practical purpose: a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, â€Å"to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them† (Horkheimer 1982, 244). Because such theories aim to explain and transform all the circumstances that enslave human beings, many â€Å"critical theories† in the broader sense have been developed.They have emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimensions of the domination of human beings in modern societies. In both the broad and the narrow senses, however, a critical theory provides the descriptive and normative bases for social inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and increasing freedom in all their forms. Based on the concept of the research, this theory can relate to the study through applying a critical analysis to know the effects of computer games in the criminology students of MinSCAT Bongabong Campus. Conceptual Framework Fig. 1:Statement of the Hypothesis The Effects of Computer Games has no significant relationship to its level of performance of criminology students in social interaction, psychological behavior, and problem solving. Significance of the Study To the Students, this study aims t o provide information with regards to the effects of computer gaming. To the Professor, for them to have deeper understanding of the effects of computer gaming. To the Readers, awareness of the effects of computer gaming. And also the future researcher who will do research on the related topic will have a background on this study.Scope and Limitations This is limited to the students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. This paper was conducted during the year 2012 and the information’s gathered were limited to Bongabong Oriental Mindoro. This study focuses on the Effects of Computer Games including Lack of socialization, Personality Changes, and Hyperactive of Learning’s disorder that will be measured to its level of performance of criminology students through social interaction, psychological behavior, and problem solving. Chapter II The Review of Related Literature and StudiesThis chapter reviews the work of research workers on problems closely related to the present study. Fore ign Literature Lepper, M. R. & Gurtner, J (2000), states that prolonged and excessive use of these games can cause, mainly upon children, a number of physical and psychological problems which may include obsessive, addictive behavior, dehumanization of the player, desensitizing of feelings, personality changes, hyperactivity learning disorders, premature maturing of children, psychomotor disorders, health problems (due to lack of exercise & tendonitis), Development of anti-social behavior and loss of free thinking & will.Anderson and Bushman (2001), found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there appear to be five consistent results of playing games with violent contents. Playing violent games increase aggressive behaviors’, increases aggressive cognitions, increases aggressive emotions, increases physiological arousal, and decreases pro-social behaviours. Since most electronic games are vio lent, children below legal ages are emotionally disturbed and caused several changes on their behavior.Austin, Pinkleton & Fujioka (2000), quoted that â€Å"parental meditation is correlated with better academic performance. And has been shown to increase beliefs in social norms, and to decrease fear. † This refers to the parental consent of the player astheyplayaviolent-orientedgame. Gentile & Walsh (2002), wherein 55% of parents said that â€Å"always† or â€Å"often† should parents put limits on the amount of the time their children may play computer and video games, and 40% said they â€Å"always† or â€Å"often† check the video game rating before allowing their children to buy or rent computer or video games.Even through these numbers are not particularly high, they may overestimate the amount of parental monitoring of children’s video game play. Foreign Study From the time computer games made their way into family homes, parents have w ondered if violent video games may negatively affect children and teenagers. Today, parents still worry about the effects of violent computer games and of course it also remains a popular topic for the media.However, with a growing number of children and teens spending excessive time playing computer games, perhaps parents should be more worried about teenagers addicted to computer games than the effects of violentvideogames. An examination of the literature reveals that those who study video game addiction sometimes disagree on the proportion of children and teenagers addicted to computer games. However, the majority of studies suggest that approximately 5 to 10% of youth who play computer games become addicted.Compared to other psychological difficulties (such as depression and anxiety), teenage computer game addiction is obviously a relatively new problem faced by families. As such, parents may lack accurate and/or helpful information on the signs of computer game addiction, the risk factors for video game addiction, and strategies for helping teenagers addicted to computer games after the problem develops. As more therapists work with teenagers addicted to computer ames and more researchers study the problem, they are becoming better at detecting the signs of addiction, testing for video game addiction, and offering help to parents with teenagers addicted to computer games. Still, there is much confusion about exactly what computer game addiction is and how parents can help a teenager who seems far more interested in playing in a virtual world than living in the real world. Local Literature According to Josh Kearney, Online game addiction is caused by the constant updates and the never ending game play; this is solved by limiting online game downloads to one at a time.The problem with online game addiction is that it is distracting children and young adults from their needs. Online gaming distracts people from food, sleep, and schoolwork. Although certain people are able to control themselves, there are people who can’t. These people will play for hours on end, numbing them mind to the point where they can only think about game play. The cause of this is the fact that a person go on playing forever. To add onto this there are constant updates that once the hype a one dies down; a new one is introduced to build anticipation.Joshua Smyth, associate professor of psychology in The College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University, recently conducted a randomized trial study of college students contrasting the effects of playing online socially interconnected video games with more traditional single-player or arcade-style games. Smyth’s research found that online, socially integrated multiplayer games create greater negative consequences (decreased health, well-being, sleep, socialization and academic work). This proves my point that although these games can be fun, they can also be very dangerous.There, although, is a sol ution to this. As to most problems there is a solution. The solution to this problem is to limit the amount of games one person can place on a computer. This would be done simply by analyzing the key components of an online MMORPG. By doing this you can train computers to detect these qualities. After doing so, it would be possible to make the computer limit how many of these games are downloaded. There are also certain problems with this. http://www. papercamp. com Local StudiesBased on the previous research, the computer has also disadvantages aside from the fact that it provides the students information’s and other features. In that research they conclude many students spent more time playing rather than researching and doing other academic works. This is result to computer addiction. From these students, huge percentage of them is male. This shows that male students are more prone to be affected by computer disadvantages. The research goal is to inform the students about what computer can really do to them, how can it affects them and what it is that affects them.The researchers proved that the research made is really true and precise because they are also once addicted in using these so called computers (Justin Vista, Hienson Tan and Bryan Yaranon, 2009). Based on the related literature and studies stated in this research, all are significant because it serves as guidelines; gain more knowledge and additional information on how to distinguish the effects of computer games in the performance of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. Chapter III Research Methodology This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used and guide by the researcher to utilize in conducting this study.To find out the Level of performance of criminology students. Research Design The researcher will use correlation method of research to determine the difference between the perceptions of the respondents and the relation of the variables. Descriptive corr elation Method of Research is the process of descriptive research that goes beyond more gathering and tabulation of data. It involves an element of interpretation of the meaning of the significant relationship described. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are the students of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong.MINSCAT have total population of criminology students of 205. Sample respondents will be computed on the Slovin’s Formula. (See Appendix __ for the List of Respondents) Formula: N= __N__ 1+Ne2 Where: n= Sample size N= Population size e= Percentage Research Instrument The study will use questionnaire by the researcher in gathering data and employed methods like interview, browsing in the internet and collecting data and information in the books and newspaper. Data Gathering Tools A set of procedures guided the researchers in gathering all pertinent data that will be needed in this research.First, a letter of request noted by the research advis er was sent to the Dean’s Office of MiNSCAT in Bongabong namely Edna G. Piol for permission to distribute the questionnaire. Second, the formal administrative of the questionnaires comprised all the directions in answering the questionnaire will be properly explained. Finally, the data will be sorted, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the most applicable technique in research. Scaling and Quantification A five point numerical with five (5) as the highest and one (1) as the lowest was used.Each numerical scale had the corresponding statistical limits and verbal description presented in table 2 below. Table 2 Scaling and Quantification Numerical Scale Statistical Limits Verbal Description 5 4. 50-5. 00 Everyday 4 3. 50-4. 49 Always 3 2. 50-3. 49 Often 2 1. 50-2. 49 Sometimes 1 1. 00-1. 49 Not at all Table 3 Reliability of Questionnaire To assure that all item are reliable, a test and re-test method will be use by researchers. TEST AND RETEST RESULT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES RELIABILITYDESCRIPTION Lack of Socialization0. 8454170Reliable Personal Changes0. 9827526ReliableHyperactivity learning Disorder0. 8460318Reliable DEPENDENT VARIABLES Social Interaction0. 7231594Reliable Psychological / emotional awareness0. 6673800Reliable Problem Solving/ written exams0. 6676692Reliable Level of Significance=5%df=8Critical r-value=0. 632 The computed r-values exceed the critical r-value 0. 632 with 8 as the degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the questionnaire is reliable. Ten respondents for post-test and another ten respondents for pre-test other than 25 respondents were requested to answer the same set of questionnaire.Responses were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the Pearson’s Movement Correlation. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This Chapter presents the results of the research along with analysis, interpretation based on the statement of the problem. Table 4 Mean Perception of the respondent s on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Lack of Socialization PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot socialize with other students. 3. 724OFTEN 2. I don’t have interest with other people. 3. 842OFTEN 3. I cannot established good relationship with my classmate. . 803OFTEN 4. I am not open with my parent’s parental guidance. 4. 24 1OFTEN MEAN3. 90OFTEN Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Lack of Socialization. This table shows items 1-5 with the verbal description of often as the first rank, I am not open with my parent’s parental guidance. Second, I don’t have interest with other people. Third, I cannot establish good relationship with my classmate. And lastly, I cannot socialize with other students. The overall mean calculated is 3. 90 which are described as often.This means that computer gaming really affects the relationship of the teenage to the people surrou nds them particularly to their parents that may lead to lack of parental guidance. Table 5 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Personality Changes PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. Moody3. 042SELDOM 2. Childish3. 881OFTEN 3. Health Awareness2. 84SELDOM 4. Physical Awareness2. 843SELDOM MEAN3. 14SELDOM Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Personality changes.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom as the first rank, Childish. Second, Moody. Third, Physical Awareness. And lastly, Health Awareness. The overall mean calculated is 3. 14 which are described as seldom. This means that computer gaming affects the respondents in terms of physical, mental and emotional such as changes in mood and lack of awareness. Table 6 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder PRODUCTSM EANRANKVerbal Description 1. Addictive in computer games. . 361OFTEN 2. Obsessive in computer games. 2. 924SELDOM 3. Lack of thinking. 4. 082OFTEN 4. Lack of learning. 3. 883OFTEN MEAN3. 81OFTEN Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, Addictive in computer games. Second, Lack of thinking. Third, Lack of learning. And lastly, Obsessive in computer games. The overall mean calculated is 3. 81 which are described as Often.This means that computer gaming affects the behavior of the respondents, like addictive and also they tend to have a lack of continuous learning’s. Table 7 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of social interaction. PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I did not attend school gathering. 3. 873OFTEN 2. I am not active in school activity. 2. 694SELDOM 3. I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. 4. 451OFTEN 4. I am not approachable with my co-students. 3. 882OFTEN MEAN3. 72OFTENTable  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Social Interaction. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. Second, I am not approachable with my co-students. Third, I did not attend school gathering. And lastly, I am not active in school activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 72 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Social Interaction.Table 8 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. P RODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I am not aware of the happiness around me. 2. 134RARELY 2. I don’t have interests on my study. 4. 321OFTEN 3. I neglect myself especially my hygiene. 3. 922OFTEN 4. I did not focus on my academic activities3. 683OFTEN MEAN3. 51OFTEN Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely and often as the first rank, I don’t have interests on my study. Second, I neglect myself especially my hygiene. Third, I did not focus on my academic activities. And lastly, I am not aware of the happiness around me. The overall mean calculated is 3. 51 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. Table 9 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Problem Solving/ Written Exams.PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot solve academic problem easily. 3. 162RARELY 2. I cannot do multitasking activity. 2. 924OFTEN 3. I cannot handle situation properly. 3. 083SELDOM 4. I am not quick in solving and I am inefficient. 3. 241SELDOM MEAN3. 10SELDOM Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of PROBLEM Solving/ Written Exams. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely, seldom and often as the first rank, I am not quick in solving and I am unefficient.Second, I cannot solve academic problem easily. Third, I cannot handle situation properly. And lastly, I cannot do multitasking activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 10 which are described as Seldom. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a non-satisfactorily performance in their academic. Summar y Table of r and r2 the Effects of Computer Gaming in the Criminology Students of MBC IV Effects of Computer GamingDV Level of Performance of Criminology Students of MBC Social InteractionPsychological/ Emotional AwarenessProblem Solving/ Written Exams rrrLack of Socialization. 03-. 96. 87 Personality Changes. 32. 38. 87 Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. 52-. 84. 77 Critical r-value= . 195df=25significant level of 5% This table presents the r-values of the effects of computer gaming in the students of MBC through level of performance. Since the majority of computed r-value exceeded the critical r-value of . 195 with 25 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is a significant relationship between the effects of computer gaming and the level of performance of criminology of MBC.It reveals that all the dependent and independent variables are significantly correlated with each other. Through calculations performed, t he researchers arrived at the ff. interpretations: The researchers interpreted that Lack of Socialization towards Social interaction has a very small positive correlation; high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness; and very high positive correlation.In terms of Personality Changes, it has a very small positive correlation towards social interaction; moderately small positive correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness; and very high positive correlation towards problem solving/ written exams. In terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder, it has high positive correlation towards Social Interaction; high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness; and high positive correlation towards Problem Solving/ Written Exams.