Childhood Experience :: essays research papers

Child alliance experience is one of the sweetest experience. We all have some nipper company experience. They repair in your lap. Frequently they laugh, frequently they weep. When they touch your face with their soft fiddling hands you witness a deep feeling of shaft and philia. Have you ever watched them How do they behaveBy Gods grace I always have got chances to be with niggling children. I watched them tight What I felt I split up you categoricallyFirst thing, if you be a stranger, around children would prefer to keep away from you. They watch your activities closely, weather it suits them or not When convinced about you they join you When you hold them in your hands and kiss them with affection the feeling is divine. They see the world on sitting your shoulder. look out if the junior urinates without signal. How much time your new and well creched clothing been treated with these juniors Generally puffiness and deep multi colors attracts a child most They are easi ly attracted to it. The other thing - they are easily attracted to birds. They like its singing, twittering and of course flying. They run subsequently to catch them. No matter they fail, they keep trying every time. Even you will see the kids imitating their sound. Have you seen kids imitating the frogs jumping and how many generation the kid imitates to the sound of motor vehicles. Kids enjoy the Balloon also. They play with excitement with it. The multi dark color balloons having various shapes make them wonder and by getting them they feel at cloud nine Toys are the best friends of small kids. This involves their attention in to itself and makes them think and analyze. And have you heard two small kids talking to to each one other This is always a great hearing. I would not tell any thing about it but would like to hear of your experience. Do tell me.Childhood Experience essays research papers Child company experience is one of the sweetest experience. We all have some chi ld company experience. They play in your lap. Frequently they laugh, frequently they weep. When they touch your face with their soft little hands you feel a deep feeling of love and affection. Have you ever watched them How do they behaveBy Gods grace I always have got chances to be with small children. I watched them closely What I felt I tell you categoricallyFirst thing, if you are a stranger, most children would prefer to keep away from you. They watch your activities closely, weather it suits them or not When convinced about you they join you When you hold them in your hands and kiss them with affection the feeling is divine. They see the world on sitting your shoulder. Beware if the junior urinates without signal. How much time your new and well creched clothing been treated with these juniors Generally Ball and deep multi colors attracts a child most They are easily attracted to it. The other thing - they are easily attracted to birds. They like its singing, twittering and of course flying. They run after to catch them. No matter they fail, they keep trying every time. Even you will see the kids imitating their sound. Have you seen kids imitating the frogs jumping and how many times the kid imitates to the sound of motor vehicles. Kids enjoy the Balloon also. They play with excitement with it. The multi dark color balloons having various shapes make them wonder and by getting them they feel at cloud nine Toys are the best friends of small kids. This involves their attention in to itself and makes them think and analyze. And have you heard two small kids talking to each other This is always a great hearing. I would not tell any thing about it but would like to hear of your experience. Do tell me.

Financial Scholarship Essay :: Financial Aid Essay

What do you believe best represents why you should be considered for this type of financial support? Limit your response to no more(prenominal) than 200 words per question. I think I should point out that the Faculty of Engineering at Chulalongkorn University is the most prestigious faculty of Thailands oldest and most famous university. Standards are kept very high by imposing an extremely rigid grading system and making it very difficult to graduate. For example, approximately 20 percent of all premiere-year students fail and are dropped from the University. In my graduating class of 140 students in Mechanical Engineering, only one received a compass point with honors. My 2.88 GPA put me in the top 10 percent of my class. At many other institutions this level of achievement would have merited a first or upper second-class honors degree. Moreover, my success in work is remarkable. In 1997, I was selected among 26 top gross revenue staffs to handle major product having sales ex ceed 20m dollars. Because this position required a person who had not only to be good in sales & marketing but also to be a company representative to have a meeting with international company such as ALCOA. I hope this information provides an interesting overview of my solid ground and that the committee will recognize my potential as an outstanding candidate.

The Character of Elizabeth from Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride and

The Character of Elizabeth from Pride and PrejudiceJane Austen, like her most beloved heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, is akeen observer of the nature of man in society. To simplify herstudies, and to give her readers a better understanding of the conceptof Pride and Prejudice, Austen does not focus our attention on thelarger accessible structure as a whole, but skilfully directs ourconsideration only to a small, isolated segment of the society. InPride and Prejudice, Austen scrutinizes a microcosm, people dwellingwithin kindred cultural and social backgrounds, but representatives ofthe larger human community. Austen demonstrates in Pride andPrejudice through Elizabeth and Darcy that in mans perennial pursuitof the joys in life, those who conform as well strictly or not at all tothe existing social norms face the danger of n constantly finding their placein life nor ever finding personal happiness.Elizabeth Bennet is a person worthy of our imitation. She is a modelbecause she is contrar y from all the other characters, except Darcy,and because she does not adhere stiffly to the standards set forth bysociety, where the family and the community...tend to coerce and evenpredetermine the volition and aspirations of the self She isself-reliant and independent, while contemptuous of all theconventions that restrict the individuals freedom.It is a fair play universally acknowledged that a single man in possessionof a good fortune must be in want of a wife. The first sentence of thenovel Pride and Prejudice highlights the importance of marriage withinthe world of the novel. The sentence suggests that the sole purposefor marriage was to increase the characters social and financialranking. The quote m... ...nging from She had a lively, cheerfuldisposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous, to hardly agood feature in her face... We can see that different people havevarying views on her. Her observations lead us through the story,meaning that we see everything through her eyes, and her intelligenceand wit mean we enjoy her commentary. At first I was unsure if thetitle statement was accurate to Elizabeths personality. But, likeElizabeth, my views changed, Till this moment I never knew myself,Elizabeth becomes a rational fauna speaking the truth from herheart. Without neither family wealth nor wisdom to aid her,Elizabeths success is an attribute to her inner strength. She is byfar the most fascinating character in the book, and I believe all thereasons mentioned prove her to be an independent, unconventional andpassionate heroine.

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania :: essays research papers fc

Privatization of Electricity in TanzaniaThe story of Tanzania, from pre-colonialist period to presentTanzania, dictated in East Africa, is one of the least developed countries in the world. According to the UNDP Human Development Index, Tanzania ranked 162 out of 177 countries in the 2004 survey (UNDP2004, HDI), with one universe the most developed. According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) prepared by Tanzanian officials for the World Bank, half of Tanzanians 36.6 million people are characterized as poor and one-third live in abject poverty(WB PRSP p.1). Tanzanians have a life expectancy of 43.5 historic period, a fertility rate of 5.1 births per woman, an HIV prevalence of 8.8%, and a population growth rate of 1.95% (UNDP 2004). Agriculture makes up half of the countrys GDP, 85% of the exports, and 80% of the labor force (CIA 2004). Culturally, Tanzanians are make up of 130 different tribes, each speaking their own mother tongue. The official languages of Tanzan ia are Kiswahili and English, with English being the main language in commerce, administration, and higher(prenominal) education (CIA 2004). Kiswahili is a mix of Bantu languages, English, and Arabic, and is indicative of the millennia old history of trade with the outside world. Records of trade routes with the Middle East date back to the inaugural century AD (govt web early history).Zanzibar and the coastal town of Bagamoya were the hubs of the East African slave trade, active for well over a thousand course of studys (pilot). While the early slave trade with the Middle East existed only on a small scale, transporting around 100 slaves at a time, the expression of Europeans in the 17th century ratcheted up the trade to a much larger scale and level of organization, at its height moving 15,000 slaves a year out of East Africa (pilot). Serious efforts to culmination the slave trade began in the 19th century, though the trade continued through the German occupation of because G erman East Africa in the latter part of the century. In 1919 after World War I, Britain took over German East Africa, renaming it Tanganyika, and permanently put an end to the slave trade (govt web colonial period ). Tanganyika attained independence from British rule in 1961 and Zanzibar followed soon after in 1963, ending the creation of the British mandated territory. Tanzania was formed in 1964 by uniting the mainland, Tanganyika, and the islands of Zanzibar. An excerpt from the Tanzanian National Website displays an interesting official interpretation of the lingering effects of centuries of occupation by foreigners (my emphasis)

Unemployment in the United States - The True Story :: essays papers

Unemployment in the United States - The True Story This article is an attempt to examine the numbers of unemployment in the United States more closely. It contends that the situation of Labor Statistics misrepresents the percentage rate of unemployment in the United States in its monthly surveys. The definition to unemployment given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the article is as follows People who had no employment during the reference week and that were available for work at the time, they made efforts to find employment sometime during the four week stay ending with the reference week. The article argues that the definition of unemployment given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics limits the number of individuals who can participate in the survey therefore, misrepresenting the nations perception towards the rate of unemployment.The article contends that there are millions of people in the United States that have been unemployed prior to the 4 weeks required to be counted in the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey. It also describes the different kinds of unemployment and why it is that the monthly survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics is misleading. It explains the composition of unemployment and the duration of time it lasts among people. Instead of the 3.9% calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics it concludes that an estimate of 7% is more accurate. This article derives from a recent paper done by David Anderson of Centre College in the Journal of fairness and Economics. It attempts to quantify the total yearly cost of all crime in America on a yearly basis and is constructed based on the feeling of how much money would be saved if we lived in a crime free society. The total money saved, according to the article, would be 1.7 trillion dollars. The article explains in detail the way that this number was calculated. In the article, the total number calculated in the production and services of preventing crime would be 397 billion annually. Also, it calculates that the average American spends 4 legal proceeding a day preventing crime by locking and unlocking valuables. The estimated number wasted by not producing money in those four minutes a day, by all Americans yearly, is 89.6 billion dollars. The article explains that millions of people are sitting idle in jails when they could be out helping the economy.

Unemployment in the United States - The True Story :: essays papers

Un practice in the United States - The True Story This article is an attempt to examine the metrical composition of unemployment in the United States more closely. It contends that the sanction of Labor Statistics misrepresents the percentage rate of unemployment in the United States in its monthly surveys. The definition to unemployment given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the article is as follows People who had no employment during the reference week and that were available for work at the time, they made efforts to find employment sometime during the four week period ending with the reference week. The article argues that the definition of unemployment given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics limits the number of individuals who can insert in the survey therefore, misrepresenting the nations perception towards the rate of unemployment.The article contends that there are millions of people in the United States that have been unemployed preliminary to the 4 weeks required to be counted in the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey. It also describes the different kinds of unemployment and why it is that the monthly survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics is misleading. It explains the composition of unemployment and the age of time it lasts among people. Instead of the 3.9% calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics it concludes that an estimate of 7% is more accurate. This article derives from a recent paper done by David Anderson of Centre College in the Journal of Law and Economics. It attempts to quantify the total periodic cost of all detestation in America on a yearly basis and is constructed based on the thought of how much money would be saved if we lived in a crime free society. The total money saved, accord to the article, would be 1.7 trillion dollars. The article explains in detail the way that this number was calculated. In the article, the total number calculated in the production and services of preventing crime would be 397 billion annually. Also, it calculates that the average American spends 4 minutes a day preventing crime by locking and unlocking valuables. The estimated number wasted by non producing money in those four minutes a day, by all Americans yearly, is 89.6 billion dollars. The article explains that millions of people are sitting idle in jails when they could be out helping the economy.

Gullah

The recent rise in dusky consciousness has created an extraordinary disport in the study of Black heritage and the preservation of Black horticulture in America. Many scholars and students ar turning their attention to A fri preserve-American cultural patterns, which have been long ignored and often scorned. Black hoi polloi are realizing more and more that these patterns exemplify key features of their heritage and whitethorn offer non save clues into the past, but also provide guides to survival in the future.As this interest gains momentum, African-Americans are looking toward the federation, particularly to its rural and isolated islands where so many a nonher(prenominal) of the unique elements of contemporary Black culture have their roots. The culture of the ocean Islands is such(prenominal) a special case. The lack of contact with the mainland helped to preserve rough of the important features of their African culture. Because the Africans that were brought to these islands were not sold and resold as often as those on the mainland, some of their ancestral family patterns remain dismantle to this date. - A. Sea Islands Begin just north of Georgetown, South Carolina, and continue to the Florida border. It is estimated that there are approximately 1,000 islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia separated from the mainland by marshes, alluvial streams and rivers. 1. many of the islands are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and are as far as 20 miles or more from the mainland. 2. They range in size from the uninhabitable unrivaleds to Johns Island South Carolina, the second largest island in the United States.B. European settlement 1. The Sea Islands have general anatomyed the basis of a real profitable agriculture. 2. During slavery, the long staple cotton grown here was considered the best available anywhere and brought very favorable p sifts on the world market 3. The economy of the region was based almost entirely on slavery, and because of the labor intensity of the crops, very large plantations real in this area. a. Some snowys owned entire islands containing thousands of acres of land and maintained hundreds of slaves to till the soil. C. Isolation 1.The isolation of the islands and the large numbers of slaves meant that the influence of American gaberdine culture upon African and slave culture was minimal. 2. To further enhance the development of a unique Black culture, there was the continual importation of slaves directly from Africa. a. The overwhelm number of slaves entering South Carolina during the 18th century came directly from Africa. b. The isolation of the islands made them a prime location for slave traders to land illegal cargoes of Africans by and by the Slave Trade Act of 1808. c. Africans were imported into the islands as late as 1858.D. Cultural formations 1. There was a geographical, social and cultural basis for the retention of many elements of African culture in the Sea Islands and the development of a distinctive African-American culture. 2. The word Gullah was once de break watered as the way of speaking of Blacks on the Sea Islands. In recent years, Gullah has come to mean not only the speech of Black islanders but also their culture and way of life. a. Food- traditional seafood and rice dishes Hoppin John and Frogmore Stew b. Arts-basket weaving, donning fishnets, pottery, and quilting. . The first American cowboys were the Blacks in the Carolina low country (Sea Islands). d. Contributions to American music are also evident. e. Tradition of fishing passed from one contemporaries to another. f. During the slave period many of the customs the people developed clearly reflected African culture and post-bellum conditions enhanced their retention. Basket weaving is one of the dominant crafts of the region, and one of the oldest crafts of African origin in theUnited States. Crabbing and fishing are a very important part of the Sea Island culture.Sea Island children are intimately familiar with the ocean and take the art of casting and netting as early as the age of three. E. Development of survival patterns 1. Philosophy and utilization of time. Older Blacks have a diametric relationship to time than many younger and up to date Blacks. 2. Environment coping a. Dealing with atmospheric changes F. Psychological and sociological issues. 1. Many Sea Island Blacks may have different self perceptions and attitudes as compared to Blacks raised in other areas. 2. The Sea Island Blacks frequently owned their land since the years before Reconstruction.Many of them do not know what it means to pay rent or a mortgage and to some the very concepts are meaningless. 3. The fact that the people were very isolated from mainstream culture, they could only survive by developing a posture of self-sufficiency and independence. 4. Many elderly Sea Island Blacks had very limited interaction with Whites. 5. Black activism of Sea Island Blacks a. Some of t he earliest support for the civil rights movement came out of the Sea Island and Martin Luther King developed some of his major campaigns during retreats to the area. . Local independence and activism has its roots in the Reconstructionist date and the Black majority in the area. c. A large portion of the elderly Sea Islanders registered to vote before 1910. G. Uniqueness of Sea Islands 1. They are home of a West African people called Gullah. They were captured from this area because the Europeans needed technology and labor to build their empires and America. The Gullah captives possessed skills (technology) in agriculture, science, animal farming, construction, navigation, government, and teaching. 2.The knowledge and need for farming and grammatical construction in the Sea Islands required specialized skills that were found in abundance in West Africa 3. The isolation of the Gullah from mainland whites and other Africans allowed the Gullah to maintain a high spot of African cu lture. Also, the high concentration of Africans allowed a Gullah community to form an Afrocentric cultural entity within a European American cultural context. H. Gullah Dialect 1. The Gullah accent is overmuch more than just an accent on the English language. Gullah, as a language, uses distinct African language patterns, and conceptual meanings.In other words, the Gullah language is uniquely African, with English words added to it. 2. One study says that the origin of the term Gullah and the Blacks came from the West Coast of Africa, but exactly where has not been agreed upon. a. One is that Gullah is a shortened form of Angola, the name of an African West Coast district lying south of the Equator and the mouth of the Congo River. b. A second suggestion is that Gullah comes from the name of the Liberian root of tribes known as Golas living on the West Coast between Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast. . Gullah has been called the most African of any of our Black dialects, yet it ca n be traced back in practically every detail to English dialect speech. There has been an interchange of cultural values between the Black and White communities who have lived and worked together on the Sea Islands from the first days of settlement. The dialect was nourished in isolation and has survived with little change because of the continued isolation of its congenital area. The Parable of the Lost Sheep, Luke 152-3 King James VersionAnd the Pharisees and scribes murmured saying, this man receiveth sinners and eateth with the them. And he spake this parable unto them, saying What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness and go after that which is lost, until hefind it? Gullah Version En de Pharisee en de law teesha dem saat ta mek cumplain,say Dis man sociate widsinna en east by north eat mong am. Now den Jesus done know dem binna nek cumplain bout am. So e tell am one parryubble, say Supposin a hondad s heep blonks ta one a oona.Ef one a dem sheep done loss een de wood wa you fa do? Sho nuf, you gwain lef de ninety-nine oddares safe een de pasta. You gwain saach fa de one wa loss tel you fin am eni? I. Sea Islands Today 1. Today, an estimated 270,00 people along the Georgia, Carolina, and northeastern Florida coasts speak of Gullah. The dialect survived primarily among rural Blacks who largely depended on farming and fishing. Many of these people are now moving into jobs in the various resort industries, which are springing up on the islands, thus ending their isolation.Nonetheless, Gullah has a way of surviving even in small clusters in New York City where its speakers are often mistaken for Barbadians. 2. Because many corporations are now building their resorts on the islands and the United States oceanic Corps has established a training base on Paris Island, many sociologists theorize the Gullah culture will soon die out. Nonetheless, although the pressures on the Gullah cultu re to disintegrate and assimilate are great, there are a number of people who are making valiant attempts to maintain, and preserve this treasured culture.

Netw4 Essay

Netw410 Week 1Report The first objective in the LAN Modeling tutorial is Setting Up the Scenario. The final step in desktop up your scenario appears down the stairs. 1. (30 points) Once your project is created (after Step 6 above), your workspace will contain a map of the United States. Your project and scenario name can be seen in ITGurus top window border in the form of Project Scenario . Capture a screenshot of your new project workspace that clearly shows your project and scenario name, and paste it below. 2.(40 points) In college-level paragraph(s), describe how terra firma traffic affects both e-mail data and VoIP data. INTRODUCTION In this weeks lab exercise, we had the opportunity to create a interlock fashion model from the ground up using OpNet IT Guru. The purpose of the exercise was to gain familiarity with OpNet functions along with network objects and associated behavior based on the configuration of network variables. just ab appear of these objects include Appli cation Definitions, Profile Definitions, Subnets, and the various means of connecting these components in a topology.The lab exercise itself provided a foundation for creating a simulated environment that was cogitate on evaluating the have-to doe with of background tie in load on FTP traffic. After creating the initial simulation environment, we were able to validate the configuration by unified output data for FTP performance with the reference data provided in the iLab instructions document. The graphs below illustrate the student lab configuration findings compared with the iLab reference graphs. The graphs, firearm non an exact match, provide enough similarity to validate the student simulation environment. berth to guide on Utilization (reference) Figure 2 Point to Point Utilization (student) BACKGROUND LINK LOAD Impact on Email Traffic After validating the simulation environment is correctly configured, the iLab Report instructions ask us how background load affects network performance as it relates to electronic mail traffic and voice traffic. In order to assess this impact, it was necessary to adjoin email and voice services to the Profile Configuration and the server named FTP located in the Washington DC subnet.The graphs below illustrate the impact of background load on point to point throughput> and point to point employ for the back_load and no_back_load scenarios. The data in these charts is reflective of using the predefined Email(heavy) application profile metric. Figure 3 Email Point to Point Throughput (bits/sec) Figure 4 Email Pont to Point Utilization Its clear that background load has a significant impact on link throughput and utilization.The simulation without background loading remains steady and relatively flat with throughput at roughly 2Kbps and link utilization at chthonian 5%. When background load is added, we see a marked upward trend in utilization and throughput early in the simulation that keeps with our schem e of incrementally ramping up background load from 19,200 to 32,000 during the first 8 minutes, followed by a less pronounced continued upward trend over the remainder of the simulation. Link throughput begins to change at just over 30kbps late in the simulation, while link utilization approaches 50%.Interestingly, we see a sharp drop in email download rejoinder time during the first seconds of both scenarios even as background load is ramping up at the same time. However, both scenarios flatten out to a more consistent level as the simulation progresses. The background load simulation stabilizes at roughly 1. 4 seconds for email download response time while the no background simulation settles at about . 7 seconds (see graph below). Figure 5 Email Download Response judgment of conviction (sec) BACKGROUND LINK LOAD Impact on Voice TrafficAs with the FTP and email simulations, the topology was updated to include Voice Over IP (PCM Quality) followed by running new simulations for both scenarios. In this run, we continue to look at point to point throughput? and point to point utilization?. Additionally, we measured megabucks end to end delay (seconds). Without the occasion of other voice configuration metrics such as codec selection and quality of service for voice packets, in either scenario voice over IP fails as a result of the high packet delay.The chart below illustrates that the no background load simulation provides better performance for voice packets with an average delay of about 7 seconds. Alternatively, the simulation including background load produced an average packet delay of roughly 8 seconds. Figure 6 Voice Packet End to End Delay (sec) When looking at link utilization metrics, on the other hand, at that place does not appear to be a significant difference betwixt the background load simulation and the no background load simulation.Figure 7 below indicates that, with the exception of the simulation startup being pre-loaded with 19,200 k bps in background load, both scenarios show a sharp ramp up over the first 8 minutes before leveling off at just over 60kbps. Link utilization, illustrated in figure 8, produced similar results in terms of the trend lines in the midst of the two scenarios. Both ramp up sharply over the first several minute and begin to level off as the link utilization approaches 100%.With utilization so high, its clear that this particular implementation is not optimized for convergence. Voice services alone would consume all available bandwidth between East Coast sites making it impossible to support email and FTP services concurrently. Figure 7 Point to Point Throughput (bits/sec) Figure 8 Point to Point Utilization CONCLUSION Beginning with the initial lab exercise of comparing throughput and link utilization for FTP stabilized at roughly 10% of capacity while adding background load resulted in a peak utilization of about 55%.Similarly, link throughput for email remained under 5kbps and 5% li nk utilization with no background load present while spiking up to just about 50% of link capacity when background load is added. Finally, we learned that there is still some optimization work that needs to be done in order for this topology to be ready for convergence. Both scenarios resulted in nearly 100% link utilization when voice over IP was the only supported service. In any event, its clear that background load has a significant impact on the user experience based on download response times as well as efficient use of available link bandwidth.

No one person is perfect Essay

No one person is perfect. Mistakes, just like water, are an essential part of spirit. Its non for our faults that we should be judged rather its the way we learn to accept our human nature and change for the better. In Nathaniel Hawthornes Puritanical novel, The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, commits an offense of infidelity against her husband, Roger Chillingworth. From then on her secret affair with the Puritan minister will always be on her mind considering the degradation she was subjected to and the infamous letter that will be invariably embedded on her bosom and her child beadwork the fruit of her sin.Hester was a char that was well ahead of her time she displayed the traits of universe courageous while being heat energyate and independent. An attribute that takes someone to be courageous, passionate and independent is strength, which is required for one to endure. These were traits that were uncommon for a woman to possess during the time when Hawt horne wrote this novel, but nevertheless more unusual to find in a woman who was convicted of committing adultery.Hester Prynne displays her trait of courage and passion when she stands up to Governor Bellingham. Bellingham and his assistants confront her custody of her daughter Pearl because they think it would be better for Pearl to be raised in a more Christian-like household. But Hester, being bold and strong, stands up and responds, I shtup teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this, (107) referring to the scarlet letter. Bellingham then follows by indicating that the letter is precisely the reason for wanting Pearl to be removed from her care. This is a remark able scene, where it is rare to see an aberrant adulterous woman speak up for herself to a person of much higher authority. But, at last Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearls unidentified father, preaches on Hesters behalf and persuades Bellingham to permit Hester continue her care.Early in the novel, Hawthorne explains that Hester was forced into a marriage to a man she did not truly love, and after being separated for a long amount of time, she became attracted to another man. Then later, she became a victim of a crime, which she was severely punished, despite the fact thatshe could only be accountable for half of the incident. Hester was much stronger and more courageous than her partner in adultery. Arthur Dimmesdale her secret lover was a minister in a Puritan church, who hides his sin from his congregation in order to maintain his reputation. He tells Hester, happy for you Hester that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosomMine burn down in secret (177). Meanwhile Hester had enough audacity to stand alone with out a known partner in crime. She respected Arthurs end to stay silent without a word against him. Yet Hester accepted the consequence that came along with committing adultery. While learning to live life after the embarrassment she went with at the scaffold and the life long punishment of having to wear the embedded letter A on her chest. That scarlet letter made her stronger, and a woman to be later admired from her Puritan counterparts.In the early chapters of this story, Hesters social life was virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. well-read that all she had after she walked out of the prison door was her letter on her chest and beloved daughter Pearl by her side. She brought home her income by operative as the town seamstress. Hester devoted the remainder of her time for creating garments for the poor. Overlooking the fact that they treat her badly in spite of her good intentions. She was even the object of clapperclaw to young children who crept up to her house to spy on her.But through the seven years since she had Pearl, Hesters reputation changed. She was a woman full of passion for the needy and everyone else who befriended her. If asked about the woman with badge, strangers would respond, the towns own Hester, who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted (159) Hawthorne goes as distant to state that, the scarlet letter had the effect of the cross on a nuns bosom. This effect gave her practically access into every home. The A which one time stood for Adultery, took on another meaning to the townspeople, to them it meant Able (158). For Hester to change her faade from an adulterous woman to a woman everyone loved.Hesters badge of shame, made her a stronger person. The symbolization made herstronger because she had to walk through town being harassed by the inhabitants of Boston. Yet, Hester wore the letter with pride and courage that it would not get her down and she did live her life in solitude but yet transformed it in to being a successful seamstress which provided support for her and Pearl. From the appearance of it she turned a humble scarlet letter into a well-tailored accessory by embroidering it with gold thread. Hester was also aware that her sin w as immoral, but by being open about it she was able to become a stronger person. Hester proved that by repenting and repelling sin, it is capable of making one stronger. Hester was truly an Able woman.

Elements of Art Essay

Each work of art has elements of unity and elements of variety. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. The center of interest or focal show up is the place the artist draws your eyes first. Artists use balance in set out to construct paintings. These elements of art such as unity, variety, focal point or ara of interest and balance leave be employ to give you a better understanding. Examples from Giorgio de Chirico (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), Pablo Picasso (Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), Francisco de Goya (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and Piet Mondrain (Devotie, 1908) will be used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art.Some ways of creating unity might be to make everything in a painting a similar color, or a series of repeating shapes, or a consistent texture made with brush strokes. At times, variety coerces the eye to remuneration particular attention to that object. Variety occurs when an artist creates som ething that looks different from the rest of the artwork. For example, Giorgio de Chirico, (The Mystery and Melancholy of a street, 1914) depicts unity and variety with light/dark ( air-cooled and warmer hues) diverse shapes and lines. Unity is depicted in the repletion of the squ atomic number 18 windows, directly above the repletion of archways alongside two buildings.Variety is depicted in the chosen color and various shapes and lines. In Chiricos oil canvas, variety is applied by the contrasting of warmer hues aside the cooler hues (light and dark) conveying both space/ quad and receding/closeness. The unity and variety in this canvas is brought together through the repetition depicted on the two buildings, the warmer hues and light expressing depth and the cooler hues and dark expressing the closeness. These same principles of the elements of unity and variety, are depicted in Picassos, Goyas and Mondrains Canvases.Artists emphasize certain parts of their artwork to stand out and captivate your attention. This is called a focal point or area of interest. An artist applies a focal point or area of interest for the compulsion of the viewers eyes. In Picasso (Seated Nude) the area of interest is establish with the choices of color. He has placed warmer hues (red, orange and yellow) throughout the body of a nude man sleeping. Picass emphasizes the man by afocal point, using light to contrast the mans shoulder, rib, chin and ear, and then attracting the eye to various cooler hues and forms. In Francisco de Goya (Saturn Devouring His Children) the coercion of the viewer is brought about with the contrasting colors.Here Goys has used dark (cooler) hues surrounding a man and his malice expression. Emphasizing the man are light (warmer) hues, indeed depicting the devouring of the carcass of a woman. The devouring is emphasized by, blood (red hue) dripping down her arm from inside the mans mouth. The viewers eyes are first coerced to the facial expression on t he mans face. These same principle of the element of the focal point or areas of interest, are depicted in both Chiricos and Mondrainss canvases.Balance is one of the elements of art, which is very important to artists and their work. By using balance to guide our attention somewhat a work, artists give structure to our perception of it. Their are three different elements of balance an artist uses to construct their paintings. They are, (symmetrical balance), which means both sides of an imaginary line are the same, (asymmetrical balance), meaning each side of an imaginary line are different yet equal and (radial balance), meaning lines or shapes grow from a center point. However, in the reference pieces of, Piet Mondrain (Devotie) and Gorigio de Chirico (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street), Pablo Picasso (Seated Nude) and Francisco de Goya (Saturn Devouring His Children) an (asymmetrical) balance was used to construct these canvases. Both sides of this imaginary line are diffe rent yet equal, thus bringing together the other elements of art.Concluding, unity is the feeling that everything in the work of art works togetherand suggest that it belongs. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. A focal point or areas of interest are used for the coercion of the viewers attention. Lastly, an important factor is balance. Artists use balance in order to construct a painting. All of the elements of art discussed here play an important role in designing of art. Giorgio de Chirico (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), Pablo Picasso(Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), Francisco de Goya (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and Piet Mondrain (Devotie, 1908) were used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art.

How Do You Define Success?

Success is defined differently by different people. For some, succeeder means becoming rich, for others scope high social position. Everyone has his / her own definition of success. Depending on how you see the world, your definition of success leave behind differ from others. However, achieving success is far from easy. Depending on the definition of success, it erect be achieved through many ways and deduct in different forms. Nonetheless, whether sm exclusively or big, success in any form carries the same price as long as people continue to strive for it.There are many different ways to achieving success, you should just consider which way is the most leave for your desired results. Perseverance also plays a role, if you are willing to put in the effort you will achieve more success and thus will be more satisfied in the end. To achieve success you should never give up. There is no use in just waiting for wishes and dreams to come true. Success can only be achieved if people learn from their mistakes.You never come close to success unless you experience failure. Believe me you can embrace success if you only believe in yourself and your abilities. Moris Meterling said, People are born of their thought, so think positively. In short, no matter what situation you are involved in, in order for your goal to be achieved, you must always give your best effort, persevere, learn from your mistakes and believe in yourself. The most important thing to remember is that all you achieved is only to your benefit.

A Description of the Issue or Area of Public Concern Raised Essay

Unit 201Principles of communication in adult social care settingsOutcome 1 Understand why communication is historic in adult social care settings1.1-Create and maintain relationships-To teach and to learn To share opinions Feelings and emotions-getting to know each separates1.2Effective communication is inseparable in building a meaningful relationship between the resident and the carer as it can help build trust and respect. Effective communication is cardinal in regards to the residents needs and preferences and to ensure they are met. Effective communication can get positive results.1.3In face-to-face communication, the soul earshot may not always indicate verbally if they kick in understood or if they agree. Observing body language helps the speaker understand if the other person understand, agreesOutcome 2 Understand how to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of an individual2.1It is important to find out an individuals communication and langu age, needs, wishes and preferences to Enable efficient communication, understand what an individual is trying to express, understand an individuals beliefs, culture, and values. To stop an individual becoming stressed out, frightened or frustrated. To be able to corroboration an individual in their daily life. 2.2Non-verbal communication-written words-facial expressions eye contact touch physical gestures body language behaviour gestures visual aids e.g. meretricious cards,pictures, symbolsVerbal communication vocabulary linguistic tone pitchOutcome 3 Understand how to reduce barriers to communication3.1Barriers may include not intellectual or being aware of an individuals needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture not making communication aids available or checking they are working(a) not allowing sufficient time to listen-being dismissive and nonresponsive-a noisy environment-an uncomfortable environment e.g. lighting, temperature a lack of privacy3.2To reduce barriers to c ommunication you have to ensuring the support for individuals, be available for others. Establishing the individuals needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture . Also seeking advice from others. If necessary change the environment. 3.3At the end of the converse you can ask the individuals if understand everything you was saying to him. To make yourself sure. 3.4-Translation function This service can help with changing the written text from one language to another. -Interpreting services This service can help with converting spoken language to another language. -Speech and language services This service can support people who have had a shot and have problems with their speech. -Advocacy services This service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.Outcome 4 Understand confidentiality in adult social care settings4.1Confidentiality means keeping educa tion private and keeping information safe. Passing on private information only with the individuals permission . Only waiver on information without the individuals permission to others who have a right to it or need to know it. 4.2If you wants maintain confidentiality you have to be aware of bringing up personal information re patients/residents. Think onwards you share information as it may be confidential. Do not share more than is necessary. You have to check the identity of the person before passing on information. Do not discussing personal information about individuals outside of work, you never know who may be listening. 4.3Sometimes confidential information discover by a client may need to be passed on to others If there is a risk of danger or harm to the client, or other people, if abuse is suspected, or if there is suspected misconduct of a colleague, in respect of care of a client, (Whistle-blowing). You must inform the client why the information needs to be passed on to others, and that it is your responsibility to do so. 4.4The only time you seek advice when adult has spoken to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger. For example. If beingsexually abused, physically abused, threatening to kill themselves etc.

Mind and Rumors Essay

Rumors argon dark, hurtful, mischievous things that are spread to cause destruction. Rumors have been around since the runner of time, and are stronger now more than ever. Rumors are whispered, as if to indicate that they will not spread. Rumors are shouted, printed, posted, and broadcasted. Rumors are lies and those whom associate with reports are bad community, or are they? Rumors are not always bad, and they dont always turn out to be lies. There are galore(postnominal) unknown things about rumours, standardised how and why are they re bothy created?DiFonzo defines a rumor as unverified info statements that circulate about topics that people perceive as important emanate in situations of ambiguity, threat, or potential threat and are used by people attempting to make sense or to manage risk (375). A rumor bring downs out as an important thought in one persons mind. A thought that is kept to oneself merely stays a thought and never develops into a rumor. But, a thought th at is precisely important enough to share with someone else morphs into a rumor. Rumors are not always intentional lies. They do however start out as unverified information.If a rumor is verified it is no longer a rumor, it then becomes factual information. The information that is passed from one person to many people is thought to be of importance. Whether the rumor pertains to something local, nationwide, global, social, political, public, or private it contains information that is substantial and has the possibility to be life changing. A rumor is targeted to a definite group of people. The spread of the rumor depends on the number of people who perceive the information as important. The group can range from a few people to the majority of the world.A rumor of Bob cheated on Mary with Susan would certainly be very important to a small number of people and could devastate their lives. On the other side of the spectrum a rumor that An asteroid five times the size of Saturn is he aded toward earth and total death is imminent would also be of great importance and would affect many people. Rumors are born, bred, and sought out of human emotion. The amount of rumors increase in times of perceived danger, threat, and stress. In dress it has been found that the steamy needs most frequently served by rumors are wish, fear, and hostility (Knapp 361).A rumor is spread or sought to satisfy an emotional need of hope, comfort, fear, and hostility. Therefore it makes sense that the amount of rumors increases during stressful times. In the aftermath of the recent tornados in Oklahoma, rumors exploded. Social media, radio stations, and television stations broadcast the information from the moment of touchdown. Two different television stations broadcast contradicting information at the same time and facebook erupted with photos, videos, and information. People were calling other people, turning on the television, and getting on facebook to seek information or give it.Th ey sought answers, comfort, and hope. Why then do some rumors flourish and are known all over the world and others die out after only a short run? One reason has already been brought up, the number of people who construe the information important. A rumor can live longer if it is adaptable to its audience. A rumor that has information added to or taken out may calculate more important to certain groups. Another factor in a successful rumor is the length of it. A rumor that is long and complicated will be hard to remember and hard to tell. Another reason is the desire for humans to be accepted.People will agree with someone else even if they are not sure themselves to forfend hostility and risk losing other peoples good opinion of them. Perhaps people agree because of self-doubt. If one person thinks a rumor is wrong but is hesitant to disagree because the majority believe it to be true then they must be wrong and not the group. Peoples personal and social anxiety can escalate a r umor fast and wide. If the majority of people are passive, have self-doubt, or want to avoid conflict then the number of people who perceive the rumor to be true increases.Sunstein states, Often people will be suspicious of a rumor, or believe that it is not true, but they will not contradict the judgment of the relevant group, largely in order to avoid social sanctions (393-394). In conclusion, it is decent to say that rumors are more complex than originally thought. They have distinct characteristics and classifications that define them. The most successful rumors are important to the world. If a rumor is assembled just right under the perfect conditions, the result are everlasting.

Body Culture

Chris Moss describes which sight that ordain meet you generally, when you meet up at a fitness centre. He designates the fitness opinion is normalized. Too umteen men spend their time in the centre, Just because they want to get a great body and to be butchers. It has nothing to do with sound and exercise. Its only for the sake of the appearance the men does lift weighting. He thinks that some of the only men who seemed to be relaxed at the gym are the fitness Instructors. They give a big part of their life to pack other people healthy. The editors of Ms. Magazine got the same opinion In the other text.They focus on women and their converge. They think women and their view of breast implants gravel got out of hand. Already as kids the girls get feed with the form of the sodding(a) breast by the Barbie mania. They think their breast should stand firm and high and out. Small breasts are straight off a kind of disease in some womens eyes. The editors mention that women of disco biscuit support the fight against breast cancer, but a lot of women nevertheless have the breast Implants as their first priority. What many of ahem dont know is that the implants can hurt their own body and destroy their health.Comment on the statement * There is a link between physical beauty and sex appeal and popularity, success, and happiness The statement is probably how many people think. I am sure that many dont want to admit their thoughts, but this Is how many think. like you could see In the previous texts about body culture, the body means a lot to people. many an(prenominal) look down at the overweight persons and look up to the beauties and the muscular ones. Its an evil circle. It is a truly(prenominal) superficial statement. At least one part of the statement is not true.There is not necessarily a link between physical beauty and happiness and is a kind of naive to think such(prenominal) a thing. It is probably easier to get a job when you look good then if you are very ugly. No matter how focused you are on equalizing everybody opportunities you would hire the beautiful above the ugly, if Don applicants Ana ten same accomplishment IT you nave to see ten statement In context with the three other texts, you have to admit that it is statements and renouncements like this one that helps create the ideals that so many people morbid try to get it on up to.This statement is very superficial and yet parts of it can be true in some connections. Write a letter * To your headmaster in which you argue for or against this ban serious headmaster Brian. I do not care about your opinion about the dress edict at school. I agree that students and especially girls are wearing overly provocative clothing. I do not think that it is the Job of the school to bring up the students, its Job is only two nurture the students. You cannot do a ban, because they wear provocative clothing for leisure and not least when they finish school.I would theorize I have a better idea. As mentioned earlier, the schools Job to teach students. You can come up with some talking about rapists and miscellaneous criminals. Another idea could also be putting up posters with scare campaigns. I think many students will be affected by it. There will of course be pupils who will not be affected, but they can live their own lives and match from everyday life and their surroundings. Best regards Simons Holstein.

Why Can’t Kmart Be Successful While Target and Walmart Thrive?

What drives virtually companies to succeed while others languish? Successful companies develop a sy still hunt of a few actually incomparable capabilities that help them create differentiated value for their chosen customers. Retailers provide some case studies in capabilities-driven success, sensation of the most compelling of which is the big discounter triad of Walmart, stigma and Kmart. And in this fourth-quarter retail season, we concept it would be helpful to take a closer look at what really distinguishes these competitors because they provide blue-chip insight into the key components of a winning corporate scheme.We believe that all successful companies Walmart and Target include k immediately precisely how they provide value for customers. They make a deliberate choice about their concentrate onsing to play in the market, guided primarily by what those companies do uniquely well their distinctive capabilities. We position capabilities not as people capabilitie s, but as the interconnected people, knowledge, schemes, tools and processes that create differentiated value. They then conduct a set of products and services that best leverage those unique capabilities and optimally suit their chosen direction to play.Most important, they avoid markets, products or services that require new or disparate capabilities, and thus endanger the companys focus. Focus for us, t herefore, is not about picking just one market, but rather about choosing one coherent sort of competing. The true story about Walmarts and Targets success is that they have gone to great lengths to focus internally on building capabilities and product supportings that suit their way to play. Kmart, by contrast, has failed to develop a unique or differentiated way to play, and all that goes with it. Lets take a closer look.Walmarts success doesnt just stem from impressive logistics, aggressive vendor counselling and its position as a junior-grade- bell retailer. What real ly underlies Walmarts advantage is a coherent and differentiated approach to the market. Their well-defined way to play focuses on always low prices for a wide range of consumer items, from food to prescriptions to electronics. They certification their low-cost way to play with an integrated system of capabilities, including real estate acquisition no frills store design and superior supply chain management involving among others expert point-of-sale data analytics. Their product and service mix is kept tightly aligned with their way to play and capabilities system avoiding big-ticket items (e. g. , furniture or large appliances) where it has no cost advantage, or where new service capabilities might be required. And it innovates constantly within its chosen constraints e. g. , tailoring product assortments to local trends.Target caters to a similar money-saving market, but offers a very different value proposition, focuses on different capabilities and has a different product p ortfolio. Targets way to play emphasizes design-forward apparel and home decor for image-conscious consumers. Everything from store layout to advertising to caudex conveys an eye for style. Its capabilities system supports this way to play with image advertising, mass prestige sourcing (with the use of private grime and exclusive offerings), pricing, and the management of urban locations. In product and service mix, Target is similar to Walmart in many ways, but Target satisfies the needs of its younger, image-conscious shoppers by stocking more furniture, clothing and exclusive designer merchandise than Walmart.Kmart, the to the lowest degree successful of the group, is struggling to define its way to play, describing itself as a mass merchandising company that offers customers fictional character products through a portfolio of exclusive brands and labels. Yet, that definition could describe just about any retailer. As a Walmart customer, you know youll save money and still feel welcome. At Target, you know youll get fashionable products at prices that feel reasonable. What, then, is Kmarts niche? Walk through a Kmart store and youll discover designers like Jaclyn Smith in the low-budget ambience of a warehouse.They carry Kenmore appliances, which may require high-touch sales assistance that many Sears customers involve and many Kmart stores insufficiency. In short, Kmart has not established an identifiable way to play that reflects both customers needs and its own capabilities. Harry Cunningham, the founder of Kmart, allegedly admitted that Sam Walton (the founder of Walmart) not exclusively copied our concepts, he strengthened them. The lack of a clear concept about how to reach the market, in our view, is the single most important chemical element in explaining why Kmarts fortunes have fallen so far, compared to its two rivals.Without a clear way to play, and capabilities to support it, a company cannot achieve the coherence it needs to truly excel at what it does, and thus outmatch competitors. http//blogs. hbr. org/cs/2010/12/why_cant_kmart_be_successful_w. html Kmart (sometimes stylized as K-Mart), is an American chain of discount stores headquartered in the linked States. The chain buyd Sears in 2005, forming a new corporation under the name Sears Holdings Corporation.The company was founded in 1962 and is the third base largest discount store chain in the world, behind Walmart and Target, with stores in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, and Guam (which houses the worlds largest Kmart). 2 As of January 29, 2011, Kmart operated a total of 1,307 (6 closing by early 2011) Kmart stores across 49 states, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U. S. Virgin Islands. This store count include 1,278 discount stores, averaging 93,000 sq ft (8,600 m2), and 29 Super Centers, averaging 169,000 sq ft (15,700 m2). 3Kmart became known for its Blue Light Specials. They occurred at move moments when a store worker wo uld light up a mobile police light and offer a discount in a specific department of the store. At the height of Kmarts popularity, the phrase trouble Kmart shoppers also entered into the American pop psyche, appearing in films and other media such as Troop Beverly Hills, sestet Days Seven Nights, Rain Man, Beetlejuice, and Dawn of the Dead. Kmarts world headquarters was located in Troy, Michigan, but since the purchase of Sears, has been relocated to Hoffman Estates, Illinois.Kmart also exists in Australia and New Zealand (see Kmart Australia), although it now has no relation to the American stores except in name, after U. S. equity in the Australian business was purchased in the late 1970s. https//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kmart As outlined in Private Equity May Be The besides Way To Save Sears, as restructuring and turnaround advisers and investors, we here at ACM Partners are often asked about the big retail stories of the day (meaning companies on the marge of distress). GAP, Tiffany & Co. and now Sears and Kmart are the most recent big cases weve received the majority of inquiries about. Here, then, is our take on whats in store for Kmart (which hedge fund manager Eddie Lampert officially took control of in 2003, post- unsuccessful person)Do we need Kmart any longer? While during the early years, Kmart was the fastest-growing of the big three discounters (Kmart, Wal-Mart and Target), easily outpacing their key competition, Kmart, like its parent-company Sears (which acquired the discount retailer in 2005), has lost significant market share through a ombination of poor market strategy and by being squeezed out by sexier (ie Target) or more affordable (ie Wal-Mart) competitors. In short, Kmart is trapped between Wal-Mart and Target, fit the merchandiser in the middle and ultimately, the discounter in the muddle. On the consumer side, its difficult to say Kmart would be curiously missed since the retailer provides few unique product or experiential of ferings except in geographic areas particularly dependent on the retailer.On a personal note, while I worked at a Kmart as a teenager, I dont believe Ive stepped foot in one in more than ten-spot (nor would have any particular reason to). I do, however, visit Target almost monthly. If yes, can Kmart be turned around? What does the executive team need to do? Here, then, its a question again of Where did Kmart go wrong? Lets take a look at some core areas in which Kmart could generate a turnaround. Strategy, Strategy, Strategy Kmart failed to see the writing on the retail wall before initially filing bankruptcy in 2002 (and, some would argue, continues to ignores it). All retailers, even discount ones, must have a coherent pricing-and-product strategy in order to appeal to core consumers. As the brand stands now, Kmart offers very little in cost of must-have items for any particular consumer segment. Management Expansion By all accounts, Kmart is an exceptionally insular company, meaning very few outsiders have been brought in to refresh the stores brand.Consequently, errors in judgment and purchasing have been magnified by continued mismanagement, while fights and fiefdoms have prevented the company from moving forward into the 21st century. Instead of squeezing all last penny from the dying brand, Lampert must insist on reviving both methods and management if Kmart is to af truehearted its relevance. Logistics As a discount player, Kmart has lost nearly every round of the logistics game, from management of its supply-chain to in-store sku measurements. For instance, because Kmart measured say-so profitability by gross margin ercentages rather than by sales-per-square, the retailer has and continues to stock higher-margined goods in prepare of faster-moving products, leading to a decrease in inventory turn-over. Furthermore, inefficient ordering and supply-chain management means everythings cost more and arrives later than at Kmarts competitors. Combi ne these factors, and you get a dying retailer on the brink of disappearing from the American landscape. Like we outlined in Private Equity May Be Only Way To Save Sears, With a market cap of only $3. 5 billion, it wouldnt be spoilt to get the financing for a going-private transaction for Sears Holdings Corporate. In short, the market is not going to allow a $40B+ asset-based retailer simply disappear. Ergo, once again, private equity may end up being the only answer for what ails these dying retailers. Margaret Bogenrief is a partner with ACM Partners , a boutique crisis management and distressed investing firm serving companies and municipalities in financial distress. She can be reached at emailprotected com.

Fractional Distillation Process

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (CBB 2012) TITLE FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION c be for ? CONTENTS 1. Title. 1 2. Summary. 3 3. Introduction of Case Study. . 4 4. chance Scenario Development. 5 5. Justification of Fault Tree summary6 6. Procedures of Fault Tree depth psychology.. 7 7. Fault Tree Analysis8 8. Possible Risk Associated with infers. 11 9. Accident Consequences. 13 10.Method to Control the Risk 15 11. Solution to Minimize the Risk.. 17 12. Conclusion. 18 13. References. 19 ? SUMMARY Crude petroleum is ace the most consequential non-renewable sources on Earth. Demand for this black sticky liquid is growing every day in this era if modern technology. Electricity, vehicles and synthetics argon among the major consumers of crude oil colour fluids or raw oil. Crude oil could be referred to as the black gold collect to its costly price and complicated production serve well.Unlike gold, bare-assed oil naturally is accustomless in its primary form. A run called divis ional distillment or oil colour refining collect to be carried step to the fore onto the crude oil to separate it into various regions which later could be utilise to supply electricity to residential houses or mobilizing vehicles. Fractional distillation or petroleum refining is the do of separating crude oil into different functions ground on their hydrocarbon chains. It is one of the most important major dish outes in the oil and mishandle industry.Basically there are both types of fragmental distillation which are in laboratory fractional distillation and industrial fractional distillation. Both thrust different method of conducting the process but utilize the similar concept. Industrial petroleum refining studys the separation of different length of hydrocarbon chain into specific refinery column which go forth produce products such as petrol, naphtha, kerosene and diesel. However petroleum refining has its own hazards and jeopardy. It is highly flammable an d could cause a major catastrophe to the plant.The purpose of this report is to accept a case scenario involving the fractional distillation process and its potence hazards and risks. INTRODUCTION In 1859, the petroleum industry began with the successful drilling of the first commercial oil well and the opening of the first refinery to process the crude into kerosene. The development of petroleum refining from simple distillation to todays sophisticated processes has created a need for health and sanctuary management procedures and safe work practices.Refining is the processing of one complex mixture of hydrocarbons into a number of other complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. In response to changing consumers demand for better and different products, petroleum refining has evolved continuously. The original requirement was to produce kerosene as a cheaper and better source of light than whale oil. The production of gasoline and diesel fuels resulted from development of the innate com bustion engine. Nowadays, refineries produce a variety of products. It was soon discover that high quality lubricating oils could be produced by distilling petroleum under pointlessness.For the next 30 years kerosene was the product consumers wanted due to two significant events, first is invention of the electric light decreased the demand for kerosene and second, invention of the cozy combustion engine which created a demand for diesel fuel and gasoline, to a fault known as naphtha. well-nigh of our modern lifestyle depends on oil. The largest oil refinery is the Paraguana Refining Complex in Venezuela, which can process 940,000 position of oil each day. Samuel M. Kier was the first person to refine crude oil and he employ the flammable oil produced by his salt wells to light his salt works at night.The burning crude produced an awful smell and a great deal of smoke. In 1850, Kier started experimenting with distillation and his refining experiments were successful and by 1851 , Kier produced a product called Carbon Oil, a fuel oil which burned with myopic smoke and odor. By the end of the 1860s, Samuel M. Kier spent a great deal of his life trying to make crude oil useful and valuable and along the way he gave birth to the U. S. refining industry. A report ground on fractional distillation or petroleum refining as a case study is utilize to determine the hazard and risk involve in the manufacturing process. on that pointfore, safety precautions could be taken when countering an separatrix. jeopardize SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT Risk may be considered as the potential or adverse effects to humankind health or equipment passing play resulting from an activity or event if exposed to a hazard. A risk scenario is an important concept before conducting a risk assessment. Based on the case study express previously, a risk scenario involving petroleum refining processes de come out be developed in case of emergency brake smudge during which time a certain pr ocedure need to be followed to prevent any hazard from happening.There are various compartments in petroleum refining process. Instead of investigating a particular component which indicates specific process at a time, this report will generalize on all components involve in crude oil distillation. Petroleum refinery involved closed processes. Two categories of risks will be pointed out which are pollution risk and hazards risk. Pollution risk includes the divulge of chemics into the atmosphere which could affect humans health living near the refinery plant.Apart from air pollution impacts there are as well as wastewater bear upons. wastewater is liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry agriculture which often contains nearly contaminants that result from the mixing of wastewater from different sources. Improper wastewater treatment could pose health problems to human. ruffle pollution could also serves as a potential source of pollutio n due to industrial dissension which could cause disturbance to residential area near the plant. Hazard risk involves explosion, fire and corrosion.Heaters and exchangers in the atmospherical and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of rubor. Besides that, there is a potential for a fire to exist should a leak occur within the refinery. Wet hydrogen sulfide will cause cracks in steel which could leads to leak. The main hazard risk is corrosion which is a chemical hazard. Sections of the process susceptible to corrosion include preheat exchanger and hydrogen sulfide, preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger and atmospheric editorial and vacuum furnace.Efficiency in petroleum refinery is very crucial to centralise the cost of maintenance. Corrosion could cause efficiency decrement and the failure of equipment as well as interrupting the maintenance schedule of the refinery during which time all of the component must be shut down. Maintenance relate to corrosion in the refinery is very costly and could get ahead up to billions of dollars. JUSTIFICATION OF misapprehension TREE ANALYSIS Fault tree analysis (FTA) is used to take the case study. FTA is a failure analysis technique and it involves examining preceding events leading up to a mail servicement failure.The tree starts with the misadventure event and working backwards through time, breaks it down into a series of contributing(prenominal) events that are structured according to certain rules and logic. This process of breaking down the event to identify tributary causes and their interaction continues until the root causes are identified. The logic diagram displays the various logical combinations of failures that can result in an accident. Advantages of Fault Tree Analysis 1. Easy to read and understand. 2. Can handle multiple failures or combinations of failures. 3.Exposes the take for verify or preventative actions to diminish the risk. 4. Quickly exposes critical paths. 5. The results can provide either qualitative or quantitative data for the risk assessment process. 6. Directs the analyst deductively to accident-related events. 7. Useful in investigating accidents or problems resulting from use of a complex system. 8. Excellent for ensuring interfaces are analyzed as to their contribution to the top thrown-away(prenominal) event. Weaknesses of Fault Tree Analysis 1. Though suspension trees may reveal human error, they do little to determine the underlying cause. 2.Fault trees require detailed knowledge of the design, construction and operation of the system. 3. Not suitable for assessing design operations. 4. Fault trees may become very large and complex. 5. Significant training and experience is necessary to use this technique properly. Once the technique has been mastered, application stays time-consuming however commercial software is available. 6. Is non practical on systems with large numbers of safety critical failures. PROCEDURES OF FAULT TR EE ANALYSIS 1. strike a specific component that is to be analyzed. This will be placed at the top of the tree, in its own individual rap. . Next, all the faults that are to be found within the component need to be identified. This can be done through brainstorming to identify the failures. 3. Faults each be in possession of their own box below the component. It is now necessary to work through why the faults have occurred. What were the causes? What actions resulted in these faults being created? 4. solely the causes for the faults need to be identified and then set out in boxes, each one united to the faults that are listed. 5. It is necessary to determine the root cause for each fault which may require itemization several factors that contribute to the accident. thereof we could decide which factor that can be check intoled and altered so that the fault could be avoided. Root causes are then coupled to the general causes. 6. Identify countermeasures. Once all the causes an d the root causes have been identified, countermeasures need to be listed. These are the antidotes to the root causes and will ensure that the faults are eliminated. Countermeasures are then linked onto the root cause boxes, because they show the actions that need to be taken. 7. There are two types of accesss used in a fault analysis tree a.AND where all the sub-faults and the other causative factors must co-exist so as to cause the fault for which they have been identified. b. OR where the fault will occur even if completely one of the sub-faults or the basic factors exists. ? FAULT TREE ANALYSIS In process of assessing and identifying the risks in a work environment, hazard analysis is the initial step to be taken. These are the types of hazard analysis (i)Hazard & operability check over (HAZOP) (ii)Failure mode & effect analysis (FMEA) (iii)Technique of operation review (TOR) (iv)Fault tree diagram (FTA) v)Human Error Analysis (HEA) (vi)Risk Analysis In our case scenario of the risk involving crude oil distillations processes, hazard analysis method that has been used is fault tree analysis (FTA). Definition of Fault Tree Analysis Fault tree analysis is a graphical representation of the major faults or critical failures associated with a product, the causes for the faults, and potential countermeasures. The tool servicings identify areas of concern for new product design or for improvement of existing products. It also helps identify improveive actions to correct or mitigate problems.Importance of Fault Tree Diagram FTA is the most suitable hazard analysis as it is useful both in designing new products/services and in dealing with identified problems in existing products/services. In the quality planning process, the analysis can be used to optimize process features and goals and to design for critical factors and human error. As part of process improvement, it can be used to help identify root causes of trouble and to design remedies and countermeas ures. Figure 3 Fault-Tree Analysis diagram GRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR FAULT TREE ANALYSIS EVENT SYMBOLFunction It is divided into two- primary and intermediate events Primary events are non further develops one fault tree Intermediate events are found at the out erect of a gate. GATE SYMBOL Function It describes the relationship between input and output event Basic issuance It is the failure or error in a system component or element. OR gate The output occurs if any of the input occurs Intermediate event Can be used immediately higher up a primary event to provide more room to type the event description, and also as an output of any gate AND gate The output occurs if both of the input occurs POSSIBLE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDS Since the process of fractional distillation undergoes the separation of the fractions are further converted using processes such as cracking or catalytic reforming. Flammable hazards are therefore likely to be represented by many substances on a typical petroc hemical refining plant. According to the Encyclopedia of The Earth, even though these are closed processes, heaters and exchangers in the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of ignition, and the potential for a fire exists should a leak or release occur.In order for gas to ignite there must be an ignition source, typically a spark (or flame or hot surface) and oxygen. For ignition to take place the closeness of gas or vapor in air must be at a take such that the fuel and oxygen can react chemically. The power of the explosion depends on the fuel and its closeness in the atmosphere. The relationship between fuel/air/ignition is illustrated in the fire triangle. Gases and vapours released from crude oil refining processing activities cause harmful effects on workers exposed to them by being absorbed through the skin, inhalation or swallowed.People exposed to harmful substances may develop illnesses such as cancer many years after the first film. Accor ding to Halma India News (2009) many hepato nephrotoxic substances are dangerous to health in concentrations as little as 1ppm (parts per million). Like an example, given that 10,000 ppm is kindred to 1% volume of any space, it can be seen that an extremely low concentration of some toxic gases can present a hazard to health. The flammable gas hazards occur when the concentration of gases or vapors exceed 10,000ppm (1%) volume in air or higher.Furthermore, toxic gases typically need to be discover in sub-100ppm (0. 01%) volume levels to nourish personnel. Gaseous toxic substances are very dangerous because of their invisibility and odorless. We cannot announce their personal behavior that can influence the properties of a gas leak. Hydrogen sulphide for example is specially uncertain although it has a very distinctive bad egg odor at concentrations above 0. 1ppm, exposure to concentrations of 50ppm or higher will lead to paralysis of the olfactory glands rendering the sense of smell inactive.This in turn may result in the assumption that the danger has cleared. Prolonged exposure to concentrations above 50ppm will result in paralysis and death. An excursion in liquids, pressure and temperature levels may also happened if automatic throw devices undergo failure. The sections of the process that might be exposed to corrosion include, preheat exchanger, preheat furnace and bottom exchanger, atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace, vacuum tower, and overhead. It will also give crack in steel with the movement of H2S. The nitrogen oxides can form in the flue gases of furnaces when processing high-nitrogen crudesACCIDENT CONSEQUENCES According to European Agency for condom and Health at Work (n. d) emphasized the employer should think about safety at the workplace because the employer are obliged by police force to maintain a safe and healthy workplace. Besides that, most employers have a personal interest in guaranteeing the safety of their employees. In addition, the employee is responsible to think about safety at workplace. Accidents are an inevitable part of a job. However injuries not only cause loss of money but also cause distressingness and disruption to the workers and their family.Actually they should know that working safely is part of their future life. sentry duty and health at the workplace is the responsibility of both employers and employees. European Agency for safety and Health at Work (n. d) also said that a workplace accident is an flaw or illness that occurs in relation to an employees job. Usually injuries occurs among workers resulted from an accident while performing duties and tasks. Through the Occupational precaution and Health Administration (OSHA) as it is commonly referred to Federal law provides employees with protection while working in a safe environment.OSHA has enacted a set of rules and regulations that must be abided by all employers and as an alternative, the law also provide compensation f or workers who have illness or injuries. David Greenberg Law (2012) explained a workplace accident that causes injury happens because of life-threatening working conditions, defective equipment, lack of maintenance or a dangerous environment. There is a possibility for a worker to have the carpal tunnel syndrome due to jobs that required physical strain such as heavy lifting, working with hazardous materials or prolonged time in certain jobs such as typing.Many factors could causes psychological illnesses such as stressful environment, discrimination or harassment, a motor vehicle accident occurring in the performance of job related duties, an injury caused by unsafe conditions or equipment and a slip and fall at work. Being injured at work has heartbreaking and sometimes permanent and irreversible effects on its victims and their families. The pain and suffering endured is not usually covered in worker compensation plans. If an accident happened, attorney from the law firm should be consulted before fetching any other actions.A workplace accident lawyer is best prepared to evaluate your particular situation and recommend the best course of action for you and your family. The workers bear about 30 percent of the total cost of workplace injury and illness. These costs include, but may not be limited to loss of income, pain and suffering, loss of future earnings, past investment, and medical expenses. The problems created by an injury may provoke a fatality to shift to other jobs, retrain for other careers, and complete disability (handicap).In addition, injured employee will face fiscal loss as a direct result of their injuries. Besides that injury or illness put a strain on relationships in a number of ways through emotional stress, monetary pressure and isolation. Family and friends are deeply impacted and this eventually may lead to problems within their relationship. The injury or illness may result in a breakup or in a unorthodox or permanent loss of intimacy. Attitude and response received from employers, colleagues, supervisors, and others within the workplace could affect the psychological health during the physical recovery process.The workers had to bear the risk that they need to change their lifestyle related to the injury where they and their families will endure costs, monetary losses. If you or a family member has been injured in the work place you should consult a law firm with workplace accident attorneys. ? METHOD TO CONTROL THE RISK subsequently identifying the hazards in the industries we need to figure out a method to control the risk and therefore freeze off the chances of any accidents to occur. Some of the method we have managed to find is Hierarchy of Controlling the RiskTo reduce the risk of a hazard occur during event is operated the hierarchy of control should be used. The hierarchy represents the order of controls that need to be considered when selecting methods of controlling a risk from highest to l owest order control measure. The sequence of the hierarchy control is as below i. Elimination of the hazards -By getting rid of anything that can be related to the hazards such as equipment or substance completely but the elimination cannot cause the event become less effective to be operated. ii. Substitution with lesser hazard By replacing the hazardous material into a lesser hazardous material. iii. Using engineering controls -By redesign the hazardous material or the work processes. iv. Isolation of the hazard -By separating the performer and the processes that being done with, such as physical barrier, or set a range of surpass between the operator and the processes conducted or even by forming a hazardous area. -Example providing a sealed hencoop area for fireworks. v. Using administrative controls -Known as policy, procedure or behavior control such as time and hours of work, how to conduct the process and who can work at the specific area. By enforcing and applying the po licy or the safe procedure that had been set. -Example provide training in the work procedures and work processes. vi. Using personal protective equipment (PPE) -Last order of control in hierarchy of control. -Type of clothing or equipment or substance that can protect the operator from the hazard. However it is not highly recommended as it is not 100% guaranteed to be safe from the hazard. -Example earreach protection, gloves, masks, hats, high visibility vest. Applying the hierarchy of controlling the risk is not enough to reduce the risk at the work place.Therefore, other method needs to be implemented in order to create a truly safe workplace. System improvement Reduce or eliminate the possibility of a chemical release by choosing inherently safer materials and technologies. Besides that, reducing the potential severity of the impacts of a chemical release through mitigation measures (containment dikes, sprinkler systems) or emergency response plans should be carried out. Maint enances Maintenances need to be done on a regular basis to spot any deformation or cracks in the distillation machine.This can be done by creating a comprehensive schedule for maintenances so the machine is always working in its best condition. It is also important to make sure that the person who is in charge of the maintenance follow the schedule tightly to avoid any errors and future accidents from happening. ? SOLUTION TO MINIMIZE THE RISK Controlling of pressure, temperature and liquid levels are among the important criteria that must be taken into consideration in order to find the event that might decrease the risk of chemical hazard in fractional distillation processes.If automatic devices fail, an excursion could occur. We need to control devices within the operating parameters to prevent thermal cracking from happening in the distillation towers. To prevent unwanted crude from entering the reformer change, relief systems should be provided for overpressure and monitoring operations. There are some sections of the process that could easily be affected to corrosion include, preheat exchanger, preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger, atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace, vacuum tower and overhead.When the metal temperatures exceed 450? F, some corrosion might be happened in furnace tubing and in both atmospheric and vacuum towers. This is the place where sour crudes are processed. Wet hydrogen sulfide also will cause cracks in steel. Nitrogen oxides are very corrosive with the presence of water at low temperature. Nitrogen oxide is produced from the flue of gases furnace during high-nitrogen crudes processing. We can take initiative from chemicals such as hydrochloric acid to control corrosion that produced in distillation system.This is one of the solutions to reduce the chemical hazards. An alkaline solution such as ammonia may be injected into the overhead streams or feeding hot crude-oil to initialize the condensation process. However, fashion of a mmonia must be accompanied by enough supply of water. If not, ammonia chloride will be deposited which could cause severe corrosion. Appreciable amounts of water may contain in the crude feedstock that can be heated until boiling point and cause vaporization explosion when in contact with the oil in the unit. ? CONCLUSIONThis report is about potential sources of hazards in a working environment. The case study chosen is related to the Oil and Gas industry which is entitled Fractional distillate. Fractional distillation is used for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points and it is the most important process in the oil and gas industry. Based on this report many hazards might happen in the refinery processes especially hazards related to chemicals. Therefore chemical hazards are chosen as the main hazards in the case study.Fault tree diagram is used to conduct the hazard analysis. This method is a graphical representation of the major faults or cri tical failures associated with the product, causes for the faults and potential countermeasures. It helps to identify corrective actions to correct or mitigate problems. This type of analysis can be used to optimize fractional distillation process features and goals and to determine critical factors and human error in the oil and gas refinery industry. Hence, we can find the solution for these problems if an accident occurs.As a conclusion the chemical hazards could occur due to ignition or fire that is produce from a leakage or cracks inside the distillation units. Should an accident occur, employers must think and react quickly to contain and control the situation. Employees on the other hand need to be alert all the time about the safety condition at their workplace. Adequate rules at workplace are setup by several organizations such as European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and David Greenberg Law to increase the aware ness of workers toward safety.The solution were taken in order to minimize the risk is to stop the sources of accident which are leakage and corrosion. By using alkaline chemicals, the corrosion process of the distillation unit wall could be controlled thus reduce the number of accidents. ? REFERENCES Bastidas,L. M. (March 12,2012) . Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil. Retrieved August 11th, 2012 from http//wiki. nanjingschool. com/users/laurencemclellanbastidas/weblog/87653/Fractional_Distillation_of_crude_oil. html Fault Tree Analysis. Retrieved August twelfth ,2012 from http//www. hf. faa. gov/workbenchtools/default. spx? rPage=Tooldetails&subCatId=43&toolID=120 Freudenrich,C. Howstuffworks How oil refining Works. Retrieved August tenth ,2012 from http//science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/energy/oil-refining4. htm Gas Hazard in Petrochemical Industry. (July 2009). Retrieved August 11th, 2012 from http//halmapr. com/news/india/2009/07/03/gas-hazards-in-the-petrochemical-in dustry/ Health and Safety Aspects of Petroleum Refining. (October 31st,2008) Retrieved August 12th, 2012 from http//www. eoearth. org/article/Health_and_safety_aspects_of_petroleum_refininggen8 Kinyanjui,L.The Advantages and Disadvantages of Fractional Distillation . Retrieved August 11th ,2012 from http//www. ehow. com/info_8513450_advantages-disadvantages-fractional-distillation. html Making crude oil useful. Retrieved August 10th ,2012 from http//tfscientist. hubpages. com/hub/making-crude-oil-useful-fractional-distillation-and-cracking Pearsonlongman. com. Retrieved August 10th ,2012 from http//www. pearsonlongman. com/technicalenglish/pdf/level2/level2_unit8. pdf Ritcher,L. Fault Tree Analysis Template in Excel. Retrieved August 12th ,2012

New Jersey’s Proposals to Cut Health Care Spending

In virtually every corner of the United verbalizes, State governments are grappling with the inevitable challenge of deriving a balanced budget given the outstanding deficits in r level(p)ues, a scenario largely precipitated by the monetary crisis that has hit the nation. crude tee shirt is no exception. Indeed, maintain officials remove increasingly found themselves faced with the reality of soliciting fit revenues to fund the topmost precession issues, unlike in previous budget allocations. In an attempt to draw a balanced and fair budget for the 2010 financial year, various proposals feature been advanced.One of the efforts that can non escape notice is the idea of cutting backup for the demesne FamilyCare. The proposed strategy in realizing such an objective involves freezing the enrollment of pa acquires between 150 and 200 per centum of the federal poverty level and the implementation of co-payments for individuals in Medicaid and the help do drugs statistical distribution class (ADDP) (NJ for wellness Care, 2009). Indeed, the budget quandary facing the carry is understandable, given the severe scotch conditions.Whereas the idea of cutting pecuniary allocations on some items would suffice in minimizing the critical budget deficits that are essential in facilitating the overture of the states yearly programs, adopting a rational approach based on critical military rank reveals the utter need to reconsider the said proposals. In an economy where a significant bulk is try to meet the high be of keep, the proposal to cut back FamilyCare enrollment of parents is evidently a severe issue that can be described as a matter of livelihood and death.The fact that a wellnessy population is vital in the enhancement of economic prosperity is an indisputable reality that the state authorities embrace. In essence, the provision of Medicaid ethical drug drug benefits as well as the upgrading of Drug diffusion Programs for support patients is essential in promoting health and wellness among New jersey residents. Amidst the tough economic times, the protagonism of a sound healthcare policy is of critical significance. As such, the proposal to cut back funding on health-related programs like FamilyCare, Medicaid and ADDP should be inevitably reconsidered.The Significance of the Proposed Changes on wellness Care The availpower of musical note and cheap health care services is incumbent in the advancement of individual well-being. From a checkup perspective, the client (patient) is the most important person. A general look at the proposed cuts and co-pays gives the indication that they forget come to the ability of individuals to meet health care costs at a time when the cost of life has reached significantly high levels.In reality, the proposals give guard a significant impact on health- seek behavior, which constitutes a educate concern for the nurse and medical professions. The Impact of the Proposals from Positive and Negative Perspectives Generally speaking, the idea of coming up with a single healthcare policy that is not save budget-friendly, but which adequately addresses the health ineluctably of the American population has remained elusive.At the national as well state level, financial analysts have year in year out grappled with the task of allocating funds to diverse priority issues. The idea of substituting certain financial allocations with others discerned to be of more socioeconomic consequence, often with mixed repercussions, has emerged as one of the most popular trends. Indeed, old age of research and analysis has depicted the initiative of cutting health care spending on precise items as a double-edged sword. Positive ConsequencesOne of the healthcare policy issues that have been extensively studied is the turn up of Medicaid drug co-payments. Examining the results reveals a significant degree of consistency in as far as the programs ability to minimize the ove rall healthcare intake is concerned. A longitudinal survey carried out in thirty eight states revealed that co-payments play an important role in barring individuals entitled to Medicaid benefits from filling prescriptions during a peculiar(a) year, holding all other factors constant (Mason, Leavitt, and Chaffee, 2007).The predominant argument advanced in support of such behavioral trends is that beneficiaries of government-sponsored healthcare programs are inherently motivated to excessively utilize healthcare services funded by the government, which include ADDP and Medicaid, when compared with those with private damages (National Organization for Women, 2007). By extension in that respectfore, implementing co-pays suffice in instilling an increase sense of responsibility on beneficiaries of such programs, thus minimizing the tendency to seek redundant medical care.In essence, the rule behind the suggestion to implement co-pays is based on their underlying assumption that th e move would discourage unnecessary consumption of the Medicaid and ADDP programs which have traditionally been sponsored by the New tee shirt government. In the long-run, the move is expected to execute the state from excessive expenditures, and the arising funds directed to other priority issues. Negative Consequences A scrawnyr military rating depicts the proposed healthcare cutbacks as likely to precipitate numerous unintended consequences in the long-term.For instance, it would expose the residents of New Jersey to increased health risks and dangers. This is particularly so considering the compromising population groups such as the woefulest of the poor, the physically and mentally challenged, and those suffering from terminal illnesses. correspond to preliminary projections, the Medicaid proposal will affect an estimated 418,000 of the most vulnerable individuals, term the ADDP one will affect about 7,500 individuals registered under the program (NJ for Health Care, 200 9).Indeed, New Jerseys FamilyCare program acts as the principal health insurance plan for low-income families within the state (Castro, 2007). Thus, the decision to close the insurance programs and implement co-payments will have far-reaching consequences on health-seeking behavior amongst these vulnerable groups. The most obvious result would be to deter patients from seeking healthcare at the appropriate times. This would serve to exacerbate their health conditions, and majority would definitely end up requiring specialized hospitalization and emergency attendance.For instance, baring individuals with HIV/AIDS from accessing the AIDS Drug Distribution Program and imposing co-pays implies that a significant majority from low-income households could fail to access the life sustaining drugs as well as the related services necessary for positive living. While the assumption that depicts co-pays as serving to reduce unnecessary expenditures for individuals entitled to state-sponsored m edical programs like Medicaid and ADDP could hold under certain circumstances, there is besides a strong counterargument that the opposite could be true.Denial of the existing health insurance program (FamilyCare) which is clean affordable would precipitate avoidable scenarios such as healthcare emergencies as well as sedate illnesses (National Organization for Women, 2007). On another front, raising co-payments encourages patients to avoid cost-effective healthcare, and instead, seek medical attendance when their health status has significantly deteriorated. Examining the previous results of implementing co-pays gives provides strong indications that they indeed cause disadvantaged and marginalized groups to forego healthcare services, even those often described as fundamentally essential.In the last financial year for instance, the state of Oregon eliminated co-pays for prescription drugs after it emerged that the states Medicaid program co-payments were precipitating significa nt shifts in treatment patterns (Mason, Leavitt, and Chaffee, 2007). fit to an investigating carried out in the same year, Medicaid co-pays for low-income individuals not only failed to reduce health costs as conceive of in the initial plan, but also precipitated clients to prefer a waiver of the co-pay as opposed to seeking medical services. The overall result of such tendencies is to inevitably increase the associated healthcare bills.Thus by implementing the FamilyCare, Medicaid and AIDS Drugs Distribution programs, the state of New Jersey would end up incurring more costs. From a practical register of view, this increased burden would be transferred to the ordinary taxpayer who has to pay additional taxes so as to cater for the unknowing healthcare expenditures. According to an analytical survey conducted by the Hispanic Directors Association of New Jersey (HDANJ), the proposed cuts are indeed shortsighted, and will most likely have severe financial implications (NJ for Hea lth Care, 2009).This is not only in reference to the direct costs incurred in curative care, but as well those initiatives deemed to compose disease causation and spread. A case in point is when we consider the possible costs of patients who come down infectious diseases like the HIV virus, simply because they lack concise awareness of how the infection is transmitted. Similarly, it would be necessary to embrace a relatively new approach in the institutionalization of mentally sick clients who fail to gather up appropriate outpatient counseling (Castro, 2007).In practice, these and other cases would most likely make the state and county governments incur additional and ignorant healthcare costs. Why the Nursing Professional Body Should Oppose the Proposed Cuts and Co-pays Examining the available body of evidence provides sufficient proof that the proposals to freeze the enrollment of parents in FamilyCare and implementation co-payments for individuals in Medicaid and the AIDS Dr ug Distribution Program are not only unnecessary, but also poses singular health risks and dangers to the residents of New Jersey.It is arbitrary that nursing professional organizations throughout the state join hands with the rest of the citizenry in ensuring that these proposals are not implemented, considering the pivotal nature of the nursing profession in advocating for sound healthcare policy and promoting individual upbeat in society. Indeed, the nursing fraternity should fight these cuts by using whichever means possible to influence state authorities to safeguard the health for all residents through the restoration of funding for the States FamilyCare, Medicaid and AIDS Drug Distribution Programs.This could be achieved by heeding the recently derived initiative of making phone calls to the state headquarters so as to express dissatisfaction with the proposals. Rationale for the Decision The proposals to cut health care spending on programs like Medicaid and ADDP in the state should not have been advanced at such an inappropriate timing. Indeed, the stream financial crisis facing the nation as a whole has not spared New Jersey. Examining the unemployment rates reveals that they have attained record-high proportions.As more and more citizens are laid off thus losing individual and family healthcare insurance, the smirch is becoming more and more desperate for many residents, particularly for low-income households. At a time when living costs have attained unprecedented levels, the move to cutback enrollment in the States FamilyCare for poor working adults as well as the initiative to implement co-payments for individuals who least can afford them could not be less untimely and misplaced.To further highlight why the proposed cuts and co-pays are unwarranted, it is worthwhile mentioning that New Jersey has indeed received unanticipated federal funding aimed at stimulating the states economic growth. Recently, for instance, the state received a windfa ll of an estimated two billion dollars (for Medicaid) and another one hundred billion dollars (for FamilyCare) in additional federal funding, both of which were unexpected (). Despite the fact that these funds were largely utilize to correct the deficits in the state budget, it would have been similarly important to use a certain parcel cushion the health cutbacks.Indeed, this was the actual intention of the Congress. By utilizing the additional funds in appropriate ways, New Jersey would have probably won itself even more federal funding to meet its priority issues. In a nutshell therefore, implementing the said proposals is certainly a misplaced option, considering that it would have been avoided had the sound allocation mechanisms been employed. According to recent projections, an estimated seventy thousand people would be removed from the FamilyCare program, the only major health insurance scheme for low-income households should the stated proposals go through (NJ for Health Care, 2009).Likewise, the proposed move to implement Medicaid co-payments will affect the majority of those it is intended for the elderly, poor, and children. The increased premiums and co-pays for health care have the implication that these vulnerable groups will be ineffectual to access and afford essential medical services. Indeed, thousands of children in New Jersey could end up losing coverage for essential health care services such as payments for hearing aids, eyeglasses, and speech therapy among other necessary therapies hardly affordable to low-income households.In addition, implementation of co-pays for patients registered in the ADDP means that the less disadvantaged may experience unprecedented challenges in accessing drugs, counseling services, and any other necessary therapies and therapies. Overall, the implementation of the proposed cuts and co-pays make it hard for New Jersey residents to access quality and affordable health care which has often been cited as a n ecessary necessity for economic growth and development. As evidence from the Oregon case where similar cutbacks were implemented, the overall state expenditure on healthcare is likely to increase, rather than decrease.Though proposal to implement FamilyCare cuts and Medicaid programs co-payments may lead to reduced costs in the short-term, the unintended consequences such as the tendency by patients to seek medical services when their health condition has deteriorated will mean additional in the long-term. Rather than the envisaged intention of lowering costs, the implementation of the proposals will only serve to place extra pressure on the state coffers, which in turn will be redirected to ordinary taxpayers.As New Jerseys Senator Joseph Vitale recently observed, not only will vulnerable families be affected, but the state economy will also be yearn (NJ for Health Care, 2009). According to state projections, investing a single dollar in FamilyCare generates about four dollars in railway line activity, which translates to a loss estimated at forty million dollars (The Star-Ledger Editorial Board, 2009). Evidently therefore, the implementation of the proposed cuts and co-pays will have vast, disastrous and multiple consequences on individual families and the state as a whole.Those arguing for the implementation of Medicaid and ADDP co-payments also seem to neglect the essentiality of good health. By making healthcare services less affordable particularly for low-income families, the proposed co-pays will push individuals to the edge where they will continuously face one inevitable dilemma that of choosing between basic necessities like food and housing on the one hand, and heath care necessitate on the other. The overall result would be to discourage health-seeking behavior.By implication, the nursing and medical professional fraternities will be faced with the increased task of attending to patients in critical conditions, which puts unwarranted burdens on an already constrained health care system. Conclusion Considering the tough economic conditions that prevail in the state of New Jersey, it is imperative that the proposals to implement cuts for FamilyCare and co-pays for Medicaid and ADDP programs be reconsidered.Particularly for individual families earning low incomes, the implementation of such initiatives presents a situation where one is increasingly faced with the dilemma of choosing between heath care needs and other necessities of life. Considering that the harsh economic conditions may force the States residents to opt to satisfy the more pressing needs of food and rent at the expense of health care services, it is necessary to reexamine the proposals.In a nutshell, the New Jersey State authorities should focus on expanding health care insurance coverage for all residents irrespective of their socioeconomic status or race, rather than suggesting cuts and co-pays which will not only harm individual families, but the wellbe ing of the state as a whole. References Castro, R. J. (2007). Time to Keep the FamilyCare Promise. New Jersey Policy Perspective. http//njcitizenaction. org/hcfallingshort. pdf Coalition for a Moral Budget. (2009). Press release Medicaid and ADDP co-pays will harm the most vulnerable New Jerseyans call upon legislative assembly to eliminate co-pays from budget.Mason, D. J. , Leavitt, J. K. , and Chaffee, M. W. (2007). Policy & politics in nursing and health care. (5th ed). Edinburgh Elsevier Mosby. National Organization for Women. (2007). Tax cuts hurt the poor. Opposing Viewpoints Poverty. Ed. Viqi Wagner. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from http//find. galegroup. com/ovrc/infomark. do? &contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve&tabID=T010&prodId=OVRC&docId=EJ3010159287&source=gale&srcprod=OVRC&userGroupName=apollo&version=1.0 NJ for Health Care (2009). Senator Vitale, Chair NJ Senate Health Committee stands w ith advocates to oppose cut backs to NJ FamilyCare, Medicaid and the Aids Drug Distribution Program. May 12, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from http//njcitizenaction. org/hcpress20090512a. html The Star-Ledger Editorial Board. (May 26, 2009). N. J. FamilyCare funding An avoidable budget cut. The Star-Ledger. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from http//blog. nj. com/njv_editorial_page/2009/05/nj_familycare_funding_an_avoid. html